Trends in Atomic Radius and Electronegativity

Atomic radius and electronegativity are two key properties that show clear trends across period 3 of the periodic table.

Atomic radius decreases across period 3 due to increasing nuclear charge pulling electrons closer to the nucleus. This trend impacts other properties like ionization energy.

Electronegativity measures an atom's ability to attract electrons in a covalent bond. It increases across period 3 as atomic radius decreases and nuclear charge increases.

Vocabulary: Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract electrons or electron density towards itself within a covalent bond.

Example: Sodium has a larger atomic radius than chlorine in period 3, while chlorine has higher electronegativity.

Different types of atomic radii include:

• Covalent radius
• Metallic radius
• Ionic radius
• Van der Waals radius

Definition: The covalent radius is the size of an atom that forms part of a covalent bond, measured from the center of the bond to the nucleus.

Definition: The van der Waals radius measures from the nucleus to the outside of the atom where it is attracted to another molecule.

Atomic Radius Trend Across Period 3

Atomic radius decreases across period 3 from sodium to chlorine. This trend is due to:

1. Increasing number of protons across the period
2. Increasing nuclear charge
3. Electrons being drawn closer to the nucleus

The atomic radii in picometers for period 3 elements are: Na $186$ > Mg $160$ > Al $143$ > Si $118$ > P $110$ > S $104$ > Cl $99$

Highlight: The atomic radius decreases from 186 pm for sodium to 99 pm for chlorine across period 3.

This trend in atomic radius impacts other periodic properties:

• First ionization energy increases across the period as it becomes harder to remove an electron from smaller atoms with higher nuclear charge.
• Electronegativity increases across the period as smaller atoms with higher nuclear charge have a stronger attraction for electrons in covalent bonds.

Example: Sulfur has a smaller atomic radius than phosphorus due to its greater nuclear charge drawing electrons closer.

Trends in First Ionization Energy

First ionization energy generally increases across period 3, with some exceptions. This trend is explained by:

1. Electrons being removed from the same energy level across the period
2. Increasing nuclear charge making it harder to remove an electron

Definition: First ionization energy is the energy required to remove one electron from a neutral atom in its ground state.

The trend shows some irregularities:

• There is a drop in ionization energy from magnesium to aluminum
• Another drop occurs from phosphorus to sulfur

Example: The drop in ionization energy from Mg to Al is because Al's extra electron is in a higher energy 3p orbital, making it easier to remove than Mg's paired 3s electrons.

Electron configurations help explain these trends:

Mg: $Ne$ 3s² Al: $Ne$ 3s² 3p¹

Highlight: The general increase in first ionization energy across period 3 is due to increasing nuclear charge, with exceptions explained by electron configurations.

Summary Questions on First Ionization Energy

1. The general trend of increasing first ionization energy across period 3 is due to increasing nuclear charge.
2. Aluminum has a lower first ionization energy than magnesium because its outermost electron is in a 3p orbital, which is easier to remove than the paired 3s electrons in magnesium.
3. Sulfur has a lower first ionization energy than phosphorus due to electron pairing in the 3p orbital: P: $Ne$ 3s² 3p³ S: $Ne$ 3s² 3p⁴
4. Potassium $the next element after period 3$ is predicted to have a lower first ionization energy than sodium due to: Increased electron shielding Its outermost electron being in a new 4s orbital
5. Successive ionization energies for sodium increase sharply: Removing the first electron from the 3s orbital requires the least energy Subsequent removals from inner shells require progressively more energy

Highlight: Understanding electron configurations and shielding effects helps explain variations in the general trend of increasing first ionization energy across period 3.

Ionization Energy Patterns

The graph of successive ionization energies for an element reveals important information about its electron configuration.

Key observations: • Ionization energy increases with each electron removed • Large jumps occur when moving to a new electron shell • The number of electrons in each shell can be determined from the graph

Example: For sodium, there are two large jumps in the graph:

1. After the 1st ionization $removing the 3s¹ electron$
2. After the 3rd ionization $removing 2s² electrons$
3. After the 11th ionization $removing 1s² electrons$

This pattern confirms sodium's electron configuration: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s¹

Highlight: Analyzing ionization energy patterns provides insight into an element's electronic structure and its position in the periodic table.

Periodic Properties and Melting Points

The periodic table reveals patterns in element properties and melting points based on atomic structure and bonding.

Definition: Group trends show consistent patterns in chemical behavior and physical properties.

Elements exhibit different characteristics:

• Groups 1-3: Metallic elements forming positive ions
• Group 4: Semi-metallic properties $silicon$
• Groups 5-7: Non-metallic elements forming covalent or ionic compounds
• Group 0: Noble gases with full outer shells

Periodicity and Trends in the Periodic Table

The modern periodic table arranges elements by atomic number into groups with similar properties and periods. This organization reveals important periodic trends across rows and down columns.

Key points:

• Early periodic tables were arranged by atomic mass and had gaps
• Mendeleev's table grouped elements by properties and predicted undiscovered elements
• The modern table is organized by atomic number into groups and periods
• Periodicity refers to repeating patterns in element properties across the table

Definition: Periodicity is the repeating patterns or trends in properties of elements across the periodic table.

Highlight: The modern periodic table's organization by atomic number into groups and periods reveals important trends in element properties.