Maths
Chemistry
Biology
English Language
History
Responding to change (a2 only)
Infection and response
Homeostasis and response
Energy transfers (a2 only)
Cell biology
Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
Biological molecules
Organisation
Substance exchange
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Genetics & ecosystems (a2 only)
Ecology
Cells
Show all topics
Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
World war one
Britain: 1509 -1745
Show all topics
Physics
12 Dec 2025
323
5 pages
Aneesh Botcha @aneeshbotcha
Ever wondered how your phone charges or why street lamps turn on automatically at night? It all comes... Show more
Your journey into electricity starts with understanding atoms - the tiny building blocks of everything around you. Atoms contain three key particles protons (positive charge), electrons (negative charge), and neutrons (no charge). The movement of electrons creates electrical current!
Circuit diagrams use special symbols to represent different components. A diode acts like a one-way door for electricity, whilst an ammeter measures how much current flows through a circuit. Think of current as the flow of electrical charge - like water flowing through a pipe.
Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs) are brilliant examples of smart technology. They automatically detect light levels and change their resistance accordingly - that's how street lamps know when to switch on! Fixed resistors always provide the same resistance, whilst variable resistors let you adjust the resistance as needed.
Quick Tip Remember that an ammeter must always be connected in series with the component you're measuring!
Thermistors are temperature-sensitive resistors that change their resistance based on heat - perfect for thermostats and temperature sensors. Meanwhile, a voltmeter measures the potential difference (voltage) between two points in a circuit, helping you understand the electrical "pressure" pushing current around.
Power sources come in two forms a cell provides a single source of electrical energy, whilst a battery contains multiple cells working together. Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) are incredibly efficient light sources that convert electricity directly into light without wasting energy as heat.
Safety components like fuses protect circuits by breaking the connection if too much current flows - preventing fires and damage. Switches control whether current can flow open switches stop the flow, whilst closed switches allow current to pass through.
Remember A voltmeter must always be connected in parallel across the component you're measuring!
Series circuits create a single path for electricity to flow around. In these circuits, current stays the same throughout, but voltage gets shared between components. If one bulb breaks in a series circuit, they all go out - like old Christmas lights!
Parallel circuits create multiple branches for current to flow through. Here, voltage remains the same across all branches, but current gets divided between them. This is why your house lights stay on even when one bulb breaks.
The key rule for parallel circuits is that total current into a junction equals the total current in each branch. This makes parallel circuits much more practical for most electrical applications.
Understanding these circuit types helps you work out the energy transfer formula E = QV, where energy (joules) equals charge (coulombs) times voltage (volts).
Circuit Hack Series circuits share voltage but keep current constant; parallel circuits share current but keep voltage constant!
Ohm's Law is your best friend in electricity V = IR (voltage equals current times resistance). This simple formula helps you calculate any missing value when you know the other two. Rearrange it to find current or resistance .
The current formula shows that current equals charge divided by time I = Q/t. Remember, 1 amp equals 1 coulomb of charge flowing past a point every second. This helps you understand how much electrical charge moves through circuits over time.
Power formulas tell you how much energy gets used per second. The main formula is P = IV (power equals current times voltage). You can rearrange this to find current or voltage depending on what you need.
These formulas work together to help you solve complex electrical problems. Master them, and you'll be able to calculate everything from battery life to energy costs!
Formula Success Always write down what you know first, then choose the right formula to find what you need!
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
2
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore key concepts of electricity including current, potential difference, resistance, and the National Grid. This summary covers Ohmic conductors, I-V characteristics, and the role of transformers in energy efficiency. Ideal for AQA students preparing for exams.
PhysicsExplore the fundamentals of electric circuits, including series and parallel configurations, the role of conductors, and the concept of resistance. This summary provides clear explanations and visual aids to help students grasp how electricity flows through different circuit types. Ideal for physics students looking to enhance their understanding of electrical systems.
PhysicsExplore essential concepts of AQA Physics Electricity, including resistance, current flow, circuit arrangements, and the role of transformers in the National Grid. This summary covers key principles such as Ohm's Law, static electricity, and the differences between direct and alternating current, providing a comprehensive overview for exam preparation.
PhysicsExplore the fundamentals of electric circuits, including key concepts such as circuit symbols, current flow, and resistance. This summary covers essential topics like voltage, ammeters, and various components like resistors and diodes, making it ideal for students studying electricity basics.
PhysicsExplore the fundamentals of electricity, including Ohm's Law, series and parallel circuits, and the components of household electrical systems. This summary covers key concepts such as electric current, resistance, power, and energy transfer, essential for Edexcel GCSE Physics. Ideal for students preparing for exams.
PhysicsExplore key concepts in electricity with this comprehensive summary, covering circuit analysis, resistance, series and parallel circuits, and essential equations. Ideal for GCSE AQA Physics students preparing for exams. Understand the principles of electric current, potential difference, and the National Grid.
PhysicsApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Aneesh Botcha
@aneeshbotcha
Ever wondered how your phone charges or why street lamps turn on automatically at night? It all comes down to electricity and circuits! Understanding atoms, circuit components, and electrical formulas will help you make sense of the electrical world around... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Your journey into electricity starts with understanding atoms - the tiny building blocks of everything around you. Atoms contain three key particles: protons (positive charge), electrons (negative charge), and neutrons (no charge). The movement of electrons creates electrical current!
Circuit diagrams use special symbols to represent different components. A diode acts like a one-way door for electricity, whilst an ammeter measures how much current flows through a circuit. Think of current as the flow of electrical charge - like water flowing through a pipe.
Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs) are brilliant examples of smart technology. They automatically detect light levels and change their resistance accordingly - that's how street lamps know when to switch on! Fixed resistors always provide the same resistance, whilst variable resistors let you adjust the resistance as needed.
Quick Tip: Remember that an ammeter must always be connected in series with the component you're measuring!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Thermistors are temperature-sensitive resistors that change their resistance based on heat - perfect for thermostats and temperature sensors. Meanwhile, a voltmeter measures the potential difference (voltage) between two points in a circuit, helping you understand the electrical "pressure" pushing current around.
Power sources come in two forms: a cell provides a single source of electrical energy, whilst a battery contains multiple cells working together. Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) are incredibly efficient light sources that convert electricity directly into light without wasting energy as heat.
Safety components like fuses protect circuits by breaking the connection if too much current flows - preventing fires and damage. Switches control whether current can flow: open switches stop the flow, whilst closed switches allow current to pass through.
Remember: A voltmeter must always be connected in parallel across the component you're measuring!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Series circuits create a single path for electricity to flow around. In these circuits, current stays the same throughout, but voltage gets shared between components. If one bulb breaks in a series circuit, they all go out - like old Christmas lights!
Parallel circuits create multiple branches for current to flow through. Here, voltage remains the same across all branches, but current gets divided between them. This is why your house lights stay on even when one bulb breaks.
The key rule for parallel circuits is that total current into a junction equals the total current in each branch. This makes parallel circuits much more practical for most electrical applications.
Understanding these circuit types helps you work out the energy transfer formula: E = QV, where energy (joules) equals charge (coulombs) times voltage (volts).
Circuit Hack: Series circuits share voltage but keep current constant; parallel circuits share current but keep voltage constant!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Ohm's Law is your best friend in electricity: V = IR (voltage equals current times resistance). This simple formula helps you calculate any missing value when you know the other two. Rearrange it to find current or resistance .
The current formula shows that current equals charge divided by time: I = Q/t. Remember, 1 amp equals 1 coulomb of charge flowing past a point every second. This helps you understand how much electrical charge moves through circuits over time.
Power formulas tell you how much energy gets used per second. The main formula is P = IV (power equals current times voltage). You can rearrange this to find current or voltage depending on what you need.
These formulas work together to help you solve complex electrical problems. Master them, and you'll be able to calculate everything from battery life to energy costs!
Formula Success: Always write down what you know first, then choose the right formula to find what you need!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
2
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore key concepts of electricity including current, potential difference, resistance, and the National Grid. This summary covers Ohmic conductors, I-V characteristics, and the role of transformers in energy efficiency. Ideal for AQA students preparing for exams.
PhysicsExplore the fundamentals of electric circuits, including series and parallel configurations, the role of conductors, and the concept of resistance. This summary provides clear explanations and visual aids to help students grasp how electricity flows through different circuit types. Ideal for physics students looking to enhance their understanding of electrical systems.
PhysicsExplore essential concepts of AQA Physics Electricity, including resistance, current flow, circuit arrangements, and the role of transformers in the National Grid. This summary covers key principles such as Ohm's Law, static electricity, and the differences between direct and alternating current, providing a comprehensive overview for exam preparation.
PhysicsExplore the fundamentals of electric circuits, including key concepts such as circuit symbols, current flow, and resistance. This summary covers essential topics like voltage, ammeters, and various components like resistors and diodes, making it ideal for students studying electricity basics.
PhysicsExplore the fundamentals of electricity, including Ohm's Law, series and parallel circuits, and the components of household electrical systems. This summary covers key concepts such as electric current, resistance, power, and energy transfer, essential for Edexcel GCSE Physics. Ideal for students preparing for exams.
PhysicsExplore key concepts in electricity with this comprehensive summary, covering circuit analysis, resistance, series and parallel circuits, and essential equations. Ideal for GCSE AQA Physics students preparing for exams. Understand the principles of electric current, potential difference, and the National Grid.
PhysicsApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology