Criminology Unit 3 Notes & AC Study Guide | Quizlet, PDF & Answers

Understanding Crime Scene Investigation and Forensic Evidence

The process of crime scene investigation involves meticulous collection and analysis of physical evidence. Criminology unit 3 case studies demonstrate how forensic specialists and crime scene investigators work together to gather crucial evidence. When processing a crime scene, investigators must follow strict protocols for evidence collection and preservation.

Physical evidence includes bodily fluids like blood and semen, which must be allowed to air dry before being packaged in paper bags and then sealed in polythene bags. Each piece of evidence requires individual packaging and proper labeling. For sexual assault cases, victims undergo examination by police surgeons who collect swab samples. Hair samples can help match suspects to crime scenes and must be carefully wrapped in paper bags, sealed, and labeled.

Definition: Locard's Exchange Principle states that when two objects come into contact, there is always a transfer of material between them. This foundational principle of forensic science explains why trace evidence is so important.

Fingerprint evidence comes in three main forms: patent (visible), latent (invisible), and plastic (indented). Investigators use specialized techniques like dusting with magnesium powder and UV light to reveal latent prints. Other important physical evidence includes shoe prints, which can be photographed and cast if found in soil, and trace evidence like fibers that require collection with tweezers and proper packaging to prevent contamination.

Police Procedures and Suspect Rights

The handling of suspects follows strict legal protocols outlined in criminology unit 3 ac1.1 notes. Police have specific powers for stop and account (questioning presence/actions) and stop and search (examining vehicles/premises). When conducting searches, officers must follow guidelines regarding religious clothing and private searches.

At police stations, suspects have several fundamental rights including:

• Consultation with a solicitor
• Notification of arrest to someone
• Presence of an appropriate adult for those under 18
• Right to silence (with implications under Criminal Justice Act)
• Recorded interviews
• Free legal advice
• Access to case information

Highlight: Suspects can be held for 24 hours without charge under normal circumstances, but this can be extended to 36 hours for indictable offenses and up to 96 hours with magistrates' approval. Terrorism cases allow detention for up to 14 days.

The bail system provides for either unconditional release (requiring only court appearance) or conditional bail with specific restrictions like curfews or no-contact orders. Criminology Unit 3 controlled assessment model answers often explore how these procedures protect both suspect rights and public safety.

Crown Prosecution Service and Legal Proceedings

The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) plays a vital role in the criminal justice system as outlined in criminology unit 3 ac1.2. Their responsibilities include:

• Advising police during investigations
• Assessing evidence quality
• Making prosecution decisions
• Determining appropriate charges

The CPS applies two main tests before proceeding with prosecution:

1. Evidential Test: Ensures sufficient credible and admissible evidence exists
2. Public Interest Test: Considers factors like offense severity, suspect culpability, and community impact

Example: The Caroline Flack case demonstrates public interest considerations in prosecution decisions. Similarly, the Liam Allen case highlights the importance of proper evidence assessment, where 50,000 text messages were initially withheld.

Legal proceedings involve different trial venues based on offense severity:

• Summary offenses (less serious) tried in magistrates' courts
• Indictable offenses (serious) tried in crown courts
• Either-way offenses that can be tried in either court

Evidence Collection and Analysis Techniques

Modern crime scene investigation relies heavily on scientific methods and technology as detailed in Unit 3 crime scene to Courtroom materials. Forensic specialists employ various techniques for evidence collection and analysis:

DNA analysis has become increasingly sophisticated, as demonstrated by cases like Paul Hutchinson (familial DNA) and Colin Pitchfork (first DNA conviction). Surveillance technology, including CCTV and covert human intelligence sources, provides 24-hour coverage and helps create crime timelines.

Vocabulary: CHIS (Covert Human Intelligence Sources) refers to individuals who establish or maintain relationships to secretly gather information for law enforcement purposes.

Intelligence databases play a crucial role in modern policing:

• Police National Database contains 3.5 billion searchable records
• Police National Computer stores arrest records and vehicle registrations
• International Databases track sexual exploitation and firearms
• Ident1 system manages UK fingerprint records

These systems enable real-time checks and information sharing, though concerns exist about privacy and potential targeting of specific ethnic groups.

Understanding Forensic Evidence and Legal Documentation in Criminal Justice

Forensic evidence plays a crucial role in criminal investigations and courtroom proceedings. Physical and testimonial evidence must meet strict criteria of credibility, reliability, and admissibility to be considered valid in court. However, various factors can affect the interpretation and handling of evidence throughout the criminal justice process.

Definition: Forensic evidence encompasses both physical materials and testimonial accounts used to establish facts in criminal cases. Physical evidence includes tangible items like DNA, fingerprints, and trace materials, while testimonial evidence consists of witness statements and expert testimony.

The reliability of forensic specialists and expert witnesses remains a critical concern in criminal justice. Notable cases like Adam Scott and the Randox Testing scandal highlight how forensic misinterpretation can lead to wrongful convictions. Similarly, pathologist errors in determining time and cause of death have impacted cases like Sally Clarke and Ian Tomlinson. To improve eyewitness testimony reliability, procedures like double-blind administration have been implemented, where identification officers are unaware of the suspect's identity in lineups.

Media coverage significantly influences criminal cases and public perception. While some outlets must maintain unbiased reporting, newspapers often display political leanings that affect crime coverage. The Guardian typically dedicates 5% to crime news, while The Sun allocates 30%, with a focus on violent crime. Media influence can lead to moral panics and false accusations, as seen in cases like the 2011 London Riots, Christopher Jefferies, and the Milly Dowler phone hacking scandal.

Highlight: Law reports document crucial court decisions, though only 2% are formally written when new legal precedents are established. These reports guide judges in similar future cases and shape the evolution of criminal law.

Legal Judgments and Sentencing Considerations in Criminal Cases

The judicial decision-making process involves complex considerations that can significantly impact case outcomes. Judges' rulings on evidence admissibility are crucial yet can be flawed, as demonstrated in Texas where 96% of appeals judges accepted original trial documents without proper review.

Various factors can affect judgment validity, including unintentional bias, unconscious stereotyping, and political influences. The Criminology Unit 3 case studies highlight how different circumstances can lead to either unduly lenient or harsh sentences. For instance, the Hillsborough disaster and cases like Lavinia Woodward demonstrate how gender and class can influence sentencing decisions.

Example: The treatment of different defendants reveals systemic disparities in the justice system. Cases like Derek Chauvin (George Floyd) and the London Riots demonstrate how occupation, politics, race, and class can affect sentencing outcomes. Celebrity status also plays a role, as seen in cases involving Ant McPartlin and Wayne Rooney.

Legal representation disparities further complicate the justice process. At inquests, official entities like police receive free legal representation, while victims' families often lack similar resources. This imbalance can significantly impact case outcomes and access to justice, particularly in complex criminal proceedings requiring extensive legal expertise.

Vocabulary: Unduly lenient sentences refer to punishments considered too light for the crime committed, while unduly harsh sentences are viewed as disproportionately severe relative to the offense and circumstances.