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Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
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Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
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Criminology
3 Dec 2025
1,692
4 pages
Princess Jayeola @princessjayeola_iwzq
Criminal investigations rely on a team of specialised professionals, each bringing unique skills to solve cases and deliver... Show more
Scenes of Crime Officers (SOCOs) are your first line of defence in preserving crucial evidence. They're trained specialists who secure crime scenes and hunt for trace evidence like fingerprints, DNA, and gunshot residue. Since contaminated evidence gets thrown out of court, their expertise is absolutely vital.
The biggest win? SOCOs can gather evidence that either nails a suspect to the crime or proves their innocence completely. However, the job comes with serious health risks from hazardous substances, which is why you'll see them in protective gear.
Forensic scientists take the evidence further, analysing everything from computers to toxicology in specialist labs. Their detailed reports can make or break a case in court. The downside is the massive cost and time involved - plus one tiny mistake can lead to wrongful convictions, like Adam Scott who spent 5 months in custody due to contaminated DNA evidence.
Key Point Both roles are essential, but their effectiveness depends entirely on proper procedures and avoiding contamination.
Police officers are usually first on scene, and their initial actions can determine the entire investigation's success. Specialist units like CID handle complex cases and can call in firearms experts or other specialists when needed. They bring problem-solving skills and the ability to think quickly under pressure.
However, the Stephen Lawrence case exposed serious issues with institutional racism in police forces, leading to major reforms. This shows how bias can undermine even the most skilled investigators.
The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) stepped in to solve a major problem - previously, police investigated AND prosecuted cases, creating obvious bias. Now the CPS independently reviews evidence and decides whether prosecution serves the public interest.
This separation prevents police victimisation of individuals and creates more equal justice nationwide. The catch? The CPS sometimes rejects cases police want to pursue, and recent funding cuts mean they're struggling with huge caseloads.
Reality Check The Damilola Taylor case showed how witness credibility issues can collapse prosecutions, highlighting the CPS's challenging role.
Pathologists are the medical detectives who perform autopsies to establish how and when someone died. These qualified doctors examine bodies both externally and internally, taking tissue samples for lab analysis. They also advise police on safely recovering bodies to preserve trace evidence.
Their scientific findings often provide the decisive evidence needed to establish guilt or innocence. The 24/7 service means they're always available for urgent cases, and their expertise can crack cases that seem impossible to solve.
The major limitation? There are only about 40 Home Office-registered forensic pathologists covering all of England and Wales. They're expensive, and the work demands perfect attention to detail.
The Freddy Patel case demonstrates the devastating consequences of mistakes - he incorrectly ruled a death as natural causes, allowing the Camden Ripper to kill two more victims before being caught.
Bottom Line Pathologists can provide game-changing evidence, but the shortage of qualified experts and potential for human error creates significant challenges.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the critical factors that impact the outcomes of criminal cases, including the roles of evidence, witness credibility, expert testimony, and judicial influence. This summary provides an in-depth assessment of how these elements shape jury decisions and the overall trial process, highlighting key concepts relevant to criminology studies.
CriminologyExplore comprehensive insights into the criminal justice system, including key concepts such as interview techniques, trial processes, law enforcement roles, and individual rights during investigations. This summary covers critical aspects of criminology, evidence handling, and the rights of the accused, making it an essential resource for students studying criminal law and justice. Type: Summary.
CriminologyThis comprehensive guide outlines key concepts and case studies for Unit 3 Controlled Assessment in criminology. It covers trial processes, the roles of personnel in criminal investigations, and the rights of individuals involved. Use this resource to streamline your preparation and focus on relevant cases such as Damilola Taylor, Ronald Cotton, and the Hillsborough Disaster. Ideal for students seeking to understand the complexities of the criminal justice system.
CriminologyExplore the essential rules governing the use of evidence in criminal cases, including relevance, admissibility, hearsay exceptions, and the impact of disclosure. This summary covers key concepts such as reliable evidence, character evidence, and notable court cases that illustrate these principles. Ideal for criminology students and legal studies.
CriminologyThese are my Criminology Unit 3 - AC:2.3 notes, please utilise these as a guidance for your exam. Ensure you do not use this as your own work as you will be disqualified for plagiarism. Good luck studying! .
CriminologyQuotes from every main character
English LiteratureApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Princess Jayeola
@princessjayeola_iwzq
Criminal investigations rely on a team of specialised professionals, each bringing unique skills to solve cases and deliver justice. From the initial crime scene to the courtroom, these personnel work together to collect evidence, analyse findings, and ensure fair prosecution.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Scenes of Crime Officers (SOCOs) are your first line of defence in preserving crucial evidence. They're trained specialists who secure crime scenes and hunt for trace evidence like fingerprints, DNA, and gunshot residue. Since contaminated evidence gets thrown out of court, their expertise is absolutely vital.
The biggest win? SOCOs can gather evidence that either nails a suspect to the crime or proves their innocence completely. However, the job comes with serious health risks from hazardous substances, which is why you'll see them in protective gear.
Forensic scientists take the evidence further, analysing everything from computers to toxicology in specialist labs. Their detailed reports can make or break a case in court. The downside is the massive cost and time involved - plus one tiny mistake can lead to wrongful convictions, like Adam Scott who spent 5 months in custody due to contaminated DNA evidence.
Key Point: Both roles are essential, but their effectiveness depends entirely on proper procedures and avoiding contamination.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Police officers are usually first on scene, and their initial actions can determine the entire investigation's success. Specialist units like CID handle complex cases and can call in firearms experts or other specialists when needed. They bring problem-solving skills and the ability to think quickly under pressure.
However, the Stephen Lawrence case exposed serious issues with institutional racism in police forces, leading to major reforms. This shows how bias can undermine even the most skilled investigators.
The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) stepped in to solve a major problem - previously, police investigated AND prosecuted cases, creating obvious bias. Now the CPS independently reviews evidence and decides whether prosecution serves the public interest.
This separation prevents police victimisation of individuals and creates more equal justice nationwide. The catch? The CPS sometimes rejects cases police want to pursue, and recent funding cuts mean they're struggling with huge caseloads.
Reality Check: The Damilola Taylor case showed how witness credibility issues can collapse prosecutions, highlighting the CPS's challenging role.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Pathologists are the medical detectives who perform autopsies to establish how and when someone died. These qualified doctors examine bodies both externally and internally, taking tissue samples for lab analysis. They also advise police on safely recovering bodies to preserve trace evidence.
Their scientific findings often provide the decisive evidence needed to establish guilt or innocence. The 24/7 service means they're always available for urgent cases, and their expertise can crack cases that seem impossible to solve.
The major limitation? There are only about 40 Home Office-registered forensic pathologists covering all of England and Wales. They're expensive, and the work demands perfect attention to detail.
The Freddy Patel case demonstrates the devastating consequences of mistakes - he incorrectly ruled a death as natural causes, allowing the Camden Ripper to kill two more victims before being caught.
Bottom Line: Pathologists can provide game-changing evidence, but the shortage of qualified experts and potential for human error creates significant challenges.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
20
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the critical factors that impact the outcomes of criminal cases, including the roles of evidence, witness credibility, expert testimony, and judicial influence. This summary provides an in-depth assessment of how these elements shape jury decisions and the overall trial process, highlighting key concepts relevant to criminology studies.
CriminologyExplore comprehensive insights into the criminal justice system, including key concepts such as interview techniques, trial processes, law enforcement roles, and individual rights during investigations. This summary covers critical aspects of criminology, evidence handling, and the rights of the accused, making it an essential resource for students studying criminal law and justice. Type: Summary.
CriminologyThis comprehensive guide outlines key concepts and case studies for Unit 3 Controlled Assessment in criminology. It covers trial processes, the roles of personnel in criminal investigations, and the rights of individuals involved. Use this resource to streamline your preparation and focus on relevant cases such as Damilola Taylor, Ronald Cotton, and the Hillsborough Disaster. Ideal for students seeking to understand the complexities of the criminal justice system.
CriminologyExplore the essential rules governing the use of evidence in criminal cases, including relevance, admissibility, hearsay exceptions, and the impact of disclosure. This summary covers key concepts such as reliable evidence, character evidence, and notable court cases that illustrate these principles. Ideal for criminology students and legal studies.
CriminologyThese are my Criminology Unit 3 - AC:2.3 notes, please utilise these as a guidance for your exam. Ensure you do not use this as your own work as you will be disqualified for plagiarism. Good luck studying! .
CriminologyQuotes from every main character
English LiteratureApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
