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Chemistry

11 Dec 2025

207

7 pages

AQA Triple Chemistry: Topic 1a - Understanding Atoms, Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

user profile picture

Somaia S @somaia

Ready to master the building blocks of chemistry? This revision guide covers everything from atoms and elements to... Show more

CHEMISTRY REVISION
Atoms, Elements, Compounds and Mixtures.
Topic la
-
2)
Elements
J
substance with one
type
of
куре
of arom
Nuclear symbols

Atoms, Elements and Isotopes

Understanding elements is dead simple - they're just substances made from one type of atom only. Think of them as the pure ingredients of chemistry, like having a jar filled with only carbon atoms or only oxygen atoms.

Nuclear symbols might look scary, but they're actually straightforward. The big number (mass number) sits on top, showing protons plus neutrons. The small number below (atomic number) tells you how many protons there are, which is always equal to the number of electrons in a neutral atom.

Isotopes are like identical twins with different weights - same element, same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons. Carbon-12 and Carbon-13 are both carbon, but Carbon-13 has one extra neutron making it slightly heavier.

Relative atomic mass averages out all the different isotopes of an element. Use this formula multiply each isotope's abundance by its mass number, add them up, then divide by the total abundance (usually 100 if given as percentages).

Quick Tip Remember that proton number = atomic number = electron number in neutral atoms!

CHEMISTRY REVISION
Atoms, Elements, Compounds and Mixtures.
Topic la
-
2)
Elements
J
substance with one
type
of
куре
of arom
Nuclear symbols

Compounds, Chemical Equations and Mixtures

Compounds form when different elements chemically bond together in fixed proportions - like a chemical marriage that's hard to break. Once formed, you can't separate the elements without a proper chemical reaction.

There are two main types ions formedwhenmetalsreactwithnonmetalsformed when metals react with non-metals and molecules formedfromnonmetalsonlyformed from non-metals only. Chemical formulas like CO₂ or H₂SO₄ show exactly which elements are present and in what ratios.

Chemical equations are chemistry's way of showing what happens during reactions. Word equations are simple magnesium+oxygenmagnesiumoxidemagnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide, whilst symbol equations show the exact amounts 2Mg+O22MgO2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO.

Mixtures are completely different - they're just substances mixed together without chemical bonding. The brilliant thing about mixtures is that you can separate them using physical methods like chromatography, filtration, or distillation.

Remember Compounds need chemical reactions to separate them, but mixtures can be separated physically!

CHEMISTRY REVISION
Atoms, Elements, Compounds and Mixtures.
Topic la
-
2)
Elements
J
substance with one
type
of
куре
of arom
Nuclear symbols

Paper Chromatography and Filtration

Paper chromatography is perfect for separating mixtures of different coloured liquids, like separating the dyes in ink. It works because different substances travel up the paper at different speeds.

Here's the method draw a pencil line near the bottom of filter paper neverusepenitsnotinsoluble!never use pen - it's not insoluble!, spot your ink on the line, then dip the paper in solvent. The solvent carries the ink up the paper, separating the different dyes into distinct spots.

Filtration separates insoluble solids from liquids - think sand from water. Fold your filter paper into quarters, make a cone, and pop it in a funnel. Pour your mixture through, and the solid stays behind whilst the liquid passes through.

Evaporation and crystallisation both remove soluble salts from solutions. Evaporation uses heat to completely dry out the solution, whilst crystallisation involves gentle heating followed by slow cooling to form lovely crystals.

Exam Tip You might be asked which separation technique to use for specific mixtures - make sure you know what separates what!

CHEMISTRY REVISION
Atoms, Elements, Compounds and Mixtures.
Topic la
-
2)
Elements
J
substance with one
type
of
куре
of arom
Nuclear symbols

Crystallisation and Distillation Setup

Crystallisation gives you much better results than simple evaporation because you get proper crystals instead of just dried-out powder. Heat your solution gently until crystals start forming, then remove from heat and let it cool slowly.

The secret to great crystals is patience - the longer you leave the solution to cool after heating, the larger and more perfect your crystals will be. Always use tongs when handling hot evaporating dishes!

Both evaporation and crystallisation use similar equipment evaporating dish, tripod, gauze mat, and Bunsen burner. The key difference is that crystallisation involves controlled cooling, whilst evaporation continues heating until everything's dry.

For crystallisation, you'll need to filter out your crystals once they've formed and leave them somewhere warm to dry completely. This gives you pure, solid crystals that look much more impressive than the crusty residue from evaporation.

Pro Tip Remove the evaporating dish as soon as crystals start forming - don't keep heating or you'll end up with evaporation instead!

CHEMISTRY REVISION
Atoms, Elements, Compounds and Mixtures.
Topic la
-
2)
Elements
J
substance with one
type
of
куре
of arom
Nuclear symbols

Simple and Fractional Distillation

Simple distillation is brilliant for getting pure liquids from mixtures - like extracting pure water from seawater. It works by heating the mixture so the liquid with the lowest boiling point evaporates first.

The clever bit happens in the condenser - the vapour travels through this cooled tube where it condenses back into liquid and drips into your collection container. Meanwhile, everything with a higher boiling point stays behind in the original flask.

Use simple distillation when the boiling points are very different from each other. The thermometer helps you monitor the temperature so you know which component is currently evaporating.

Fractional distillation is the advanced version - perfect when you need to separate liquids with very similar boiling points. It's essentially the same process but with extra equipment to make the separation more precise.

Key Point Simple distillation works best when boiling points are far apart - fractional distillation handles similar boiling points!

CHEMISTRY REVISION
Atoms, Elements, Compounds and Mixtures.
Topic la
-
2)
Elements
J
substance with one
type
of
куре
of arom
Nuclear symbols

The History of the Atom

The plum pudding model by J.J. Thomson in 1897 suggested atoms were like a sphere of positive charge with electrons dotted throughout - imagine a Christmas pudding with raisins scattered inside.

Everything changed with Rutherford's alpha particle experiment in 1909. He fired positively charged particles at thin gold foil, expecting them to pass straight through. Instead, some bounced back dramatically!

This shocking result led to the nuclear model - a tiny, dense, positively charged nucleus at the centre with electrons floating around it in mostly empty space. It completely revolutionised how we think about atoms.

Bohr's model in 1913 refined this further by suggesting electrons orbit in fixed shells around the nucleus, rather than just floating randomly. Later experiments discovered that the nucleus itself contains protons (positive) and neutrons (neutral particles).

Historical Fact Each new discovery built on previous work - science is all about testing ideas and improving them!

CHEMISTRY REVISION
Atoms, Elements, Compounds and Mixtures.
Topic la
-
2)
Elements
J
substance with one
type
of
куре
of arom
Nuclear symbols

Electronic Structure

Electronic structure (also called electron configuration) shows how electrons are arranged in shells around the nucleus. It's actually much simpler than it sounds once you get the hang of it.

The shell filling rules are straightforward shell 1 holds maximum 2 electrons, shell 2 holds maximum 8 electrons, and shell 3 holds maximum 8 electrons. Electrons always fill the innermost shells first.

Noble gases in Group 0 have completely full outer shells, which makes them incredibly stable and unreactive. This is why helium has 2 electrons (filling shell 1) and neon has 2,8 (filling shells 1 and 2).

You can write electron configurations as numbers separated by commas - for example, 2,5 means 2 electrons in the first shell and 5 in the second shell. This tells you it's nitrogen, which has 7 electrons total.

Quick Check Always make sure your electron numbers add up to the atomic number!

We thought you’d never ask...

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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

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Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

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Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

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Sudenaz Ocak

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In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user

 

Chemistry

207

11 Dec 2025

7 pages

AQA Triple Chemistry: Topic 1a - Understanding Atoms, Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

user profile picture

Somaia S

@somaia

Ready to master the building blocks of chemistry? This revision guide covers everything from atoms and elements to separation techniques and atomic history - all the essential knowledge you need for your chemistry exams.

CHEMISTRY REVISION
Atoms, Elements, Compounds and Mixtures.
Topic la
-
2)
Elements
J
substance with one
type
of
куре
of arom
Nuclear symbols

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

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Atoms, Elements and Isotopes

Understanding elements is dead simple - they're just substances made from one type of atom only. Think of them as the pure ingredients of chemistry, like having a jar filled with only carbon atoms or only oxygen atoms.

Nuclear symbols might look scary, but they're actually straightforward. The big number (mass number) sits on top, showing protons plus neutrons. The small number below (atomic number) tells you how many protons there are, which is always equal to the number of electrons in a neutral atom.

Isotopes are like identical twins with different weights - same element, same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons. Carbon-12 and Carbon-13 are both carbon, but Carbon-13 has one extra neutron making it slightly heavier.

Relative atomic mass averages out all the different isotopes of an element. Use this formula: multiply each isotope's abundance by its mass number, add them up, then divide by the total abundance (usually 100 if given as percentages).

Quick Tip: Remember that proton number = atomic number = electron number in neutral atoms!

CHEMISTRY REVISION
Atoms, Elements, Compounds and Mixtures.
Topic la
-
2)
Elements
J
substance with one
type
of
куре
of arom
Nuclear symbols

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Compounds, Chemical Equations and Mixtures

Compounds form when different elements chemically bond together in fixed proportions - like a chemical marriage that's hard to break. Once formed, you can't separate the elements without a proper chemical reaction.

There are two main types: ions formedwhenmetalsreactwithnonmetalsformed when metals react with non-metals and molecules formedfromnonmetalsonlyformed from non-metals only. Chemical formulas like CO₂ or H₂SO₄ show exactly which elements are present and in what ratios.

Chemical equations are chemistry's way of showing what happens during reactions. Word equations are simple magnesium+oxygenmagnesiumoxidemagnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide, whilst symbol equations show the exact amounts 2Mg+O22MgO2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO.

Mixtures are completely different - they're just substances mixed together without chemical bonding. The brilliant thing about mixtures is that you can separate them using physical methods like chromatography, filtration, or distillation.

Remember: Compounds need chemical reactions to separate them, but mixtures can be separated physically!

CHEMISTRY REVISION
Atoms, Elements, Compounds and Mixtures.
Topic la
-
2)
Elements
J
substance with one
type
of
куре
of arom
Nuclear symbols

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

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Improve your grades

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Paper Chromatography and Filtration

Paper chromatography is perfect for separating mixtures of different coloured liquids, like separating the dyes in ink. It works because different substances travel up the paper at different speeds.

Here's the method: draw a pencil line near the bottom of filter paper neverusepenitsnotinsoluble!never use pen - it's not insoluble!, spot your ink on the line, then dip the paper in solvent. The solvent carries the ink up the paper, separating the different dyes into distinct spots.

Filtration separates insoluble solids from liquids - think sand from water. Fold your filter paper into quarters, make a cone, and pop it in a funnel. Pour your mixture through, and the solid stays behind whilst the liquid passes through.

Evaporation and crystallisation both remove soluble salts from solutions. Evaporation uses heat to completely dry out the solution, whilst crystallisation involves gentle heating followed by slow cooling to form lovely crystals.

Exam Tip: You might be asked which separation technique to use for specific mixtures - make sure you know what separates what!

CHEMISTRY REVISION
Atoms, Elements, Compounds and Mixtures.
Topic la
-
2)
Elements
J
substance with one
type
of
куре
of arom
Nuclear symbols

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

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Improve your grades

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Crystallisation and Distillation Setup

Crystallisation gives you much better results than simple evaporation because you get proper crystals instead of just dried-out powder. Heat your solution gently until crystals start forming, then remove from heat and let it cool slowly.

The secret to great crystals is patience - the longer you leave the solution to cool after heating, the larger and more perfect your crystals will be. Always use tongs when handling hot evaporating dishes!

Both evaporation and crystallisation use similar equipment: evaporating dish, tripod, gauze mat, and Bunsen burner. The key difference is that crystallisation involves controlled cooling, whilst evaporation continues heating until everything's dry.

For crystallisation, you'll need to filter out your crystals once they've formed and leave them somewhere warm to dry completely. This gives you pure, solid crystals that look much more impressive than the crusty residue from evaporation.

Pro Tip: Remove the evaporating dish as soon as crystals start forming - don't keep heating or you'll end up with evaporation instead!

CHEMISTRY REVISION
Atoms, Elements, Compounds and Mixtures.
Topic la
-
2)
Elements
J
substance with one
type
of
куре
of arom
Nuclear symbols

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

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By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Simple and Fractional Distillation

Simple distillation is brilliant for getting pure liquids from mixtures - like extracting pure water from seawater. It works by heating the mixture so the liquid with the lowest boiling point evaporates first.

The clever bit happens in the condenser - the vapour travels through this cooled tube where it condenses back into liquid and drips into your collection container. Meanwhile, everything with a higher boiling point stays behind in the original flask.

Use simple distillation when the boiling points are very different from each other. The thermometer helps you monitor the temperature so you know which component is currently evaporating.

Fractional distillation is the advanced version - perfect when you need to separate liquids with very similar boiling points. It's essentially the same process but with extra equipment to make the separation more precise.

Key Point: Simple distillation works best when boiling points are far apart - fractional distillation handles similar boiling points!

CHEMISTRY REVISION
Atoms, Elements, Compounds and Mixtures.
Topic la
-
2)
Elements
J
substance with one
type
of
куре
of arom
Nuclear symbols

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

The History of the Atom

The plum pudding model by J.J. Thomson in 1897 suggested atoms were like a sphere of positive charge with electrons dotted throughout - imagine a Christmas pudding with raisins scattered inside.

Everything changed with Rutherford's alpha particle experiment in 1909. He fired positively charged particles at thin gold foil, expecting them to pass straight through. Instead, some bounced back dramatically!

This shocking result led to the nuclear model - a tiny, dense, positively charged nucleus at the centre with electrons floating around it in mostly empty space. It completely revolutionised how we think about atoms.

Bohr's model in 1913 refined this further by suggesting electrons orbit in fixed shells around the nucleus, rather than just floating randomly. Later experiments discovered that the nucleus itself contains protons (positive) and neutrons (neutral particles).

Historical Fact: Each new discovery built on previous work - science is all about testing ideas and improving them!

CHEMISTRY REVISION
Atoms, Elements, Compounds and Mixtures.
Topic la
-
2)
Elements
J
substance with one
type
of
куре
of arom
Nuclear symbols

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Electronic Structure

Electronic structure (also called electron configuration) shows how electrons are arranged in shells around the nucleus. It's actually much simpler than it sounds once you get the hang of it.

The shell filling rules are straightforward: shell 1 holds maximum 2 electrons, shell 2 holds maximum 8 electrons, and shell 3 holds maximum 8 electrons. Electrons always fill the innermost shells first.

Noble gases in Group 0 have completely full outer shells, which makes them incredibly stable and unreactive. This is why helium has 2 electrons (filling shell 1) and neon has 2,8 (filling shells 1 and 2).

You can write electron configurations as numbers separated by commas - for example, 2,5 means 2 electrons in the first shell and 5 in the second shell. This tells you it's nitrogen, which has 7 electrons total.

Quick Check: Always make sure your electron numbers add up to the atomic number!

We thought you’d never ask...

What is the Knowunity AI companion?

Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.

Where can I download the Knowunity app?

You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.

Is Knowunity really free of charge?

That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.

2

Smart Tools NEW

Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines

Mock Exam
Quiz
Flashcards
Essay

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Explore the fundamentals of atomic structure, including atomic and mass numbers, isotopes, and electronic configurations. This summary covers key concepts such as the historical development of atomic models, the significance of protons and neutrons, and methods for separating mixtures like filtration and distillation. Ideal for students preparing for chemistry exams.

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4.9/5

App Store

4.8/5

Google Play

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user