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8 Dec 2025

23 pages

Understanding Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table in Chemistry

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Kaif Hossain

@aifossain_cbyttpcfhr

Chemistry isn't as scary as it seems - it's basically... Show more

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Chemistry (Atomic structure and the periodic table)
Elements and Atoms
There are 118 different types of elements that humans have discovered

Elements and Atoms

Ever wondered what makes gold different from iron? It's all down to elements - there are 118 different types that scientists have discovered, each with its own special chemical symbol like a secret code. Atoms are the tiniest possible pieces of these elements, like the ultimate LEGO blocks of the universe.

When atoms from different elements get together, they create compounds. Think of it like making a recipe - combine hydrogen and oxygen atoms, and you get water! These compounds have formulae that show exactly which elements are mixed together.

Chemical reactions are where the magic happens. They're like atomic dance parties where compounds break apart or form new partnerships, creating at least one completely new substance with a measurable energy change.

Key tip: In any chemical equation, reactants (the starting materials) go on the left, and products (what you end up with) go on the right!

Chemistry (Atomic structure and the periodic table)
Elements and Atoms
There are 118 different types of elements that humans have discovered

Symbol Equations and Mixtures

Here's something brilliant about chemistry - atoms never disappear or pop into existence during reactions. That's why symbol equations must be balanced, with the same number of each type of atom on both sides. It's like a perfectly fair trade!

Mixtures are completely different from compounds - they're just substances hanging out together without any chemical bonding. You can separate them easily because they keep their individual properties. It's like having a bowl of mixed sweets - they're all together, but each sweet is still exactly what it was before.

Homogeneous mixtures are so well blended you can't see the separate parts (like dissolved sugar in tea). Heterogeneous mixtures are the opposite - you can spot the different bits easily (like a fruit salad).

Purity check: Pure substances have exact melting and boiling points. Pure water always boils at 100°C - if it boils higher, there's something dissolved in it!

Chemistry (Atomic structure and the periodic table)
Elements and Atoms
There are 118 different types of elements that humans have discovered

Chromatography - Separating Colours

Chromatography is like giving different substances a race up a piece of paper! It's perfect for separating mixtures with different solubilities - think of splitting black ink back into its original colours.

The setup is dead simple: draw a pencil line on chromatography paper neveruseinkitlljointherace!never use ink - it'll join the race!, spot your sample on it, then dip the paper into solvent. Make sure that pencil line stays above the solvent level, or your sample will wash away.

As the solvent travels up by capillary action, it carries the different substances at different speeds. The more soluble a substance is, the further it travels. This creates a beautiful pattern showing all the hidden components in your original mixture.

Pro tip: Always use pencil for the starting line because ink would interfere with your results by running up the paper too!

Chemistry (Atomic structure and the periodic table)
Elements and Atoms
There are 118 different types of elements that humans have discovered

Setting Up Chromatography

The chromatography setup follows three simple steps that even work brilliantly at home! First, you prepare your chromatography paper with a pencil line and carefully place dots of your sample (like black ink) on it.

Next comes the exciting bit - you lower the paper into a beaker with the right solvent, making sure the pencil line sits above the liquid. Then you just wait and watch as the solvent climbs up the paper, carrying different coloured substances at different rates.

Finally, you get to analyse your chromatogram! If you started with black ink, you might discover it's actually made from yellow, red, and blue components that have now separated into distinct bands.

Amazing fact: This technique can reveal the secret ingredients in everything from food colourings to crime scene evidence!

Chemistry (Atomic structure and the periodic table)
Elements and Atoms
There are 118 different types of elements that humans have discovered

Filtration and Crystallisation

Filtration is your go-to method when you need to separate insoluble solids from liquids. Picture making coffee - the filter paper traps the coffee grounds whilst letting the liquid through. The trapped solid is called the residue, and the liquid that passes through is the filtrate.

Crystallisation works like magic to separate dissolved solids from solutions. You heat the solution to make water evaporate, leaving behind a saturated solution - basically, liquid that's holding as much dissolved solid as physically possible.

Here's a cool test: dip a clean, dry, cold glass rod into your heated solution. If crystals form on it when you pull it out, you've got a saturated solution! Let it cool slowly, and beautiful crystals will grow as the solid becomes less soluble in the cooler liquid.

Crystal care: Always wash your final crystals with distilled water and dry them properly between filter papers or in a drying oven.

Chemistry (Atomic structure and the periodic table)
Elements and Atoms
There are 118 different types of elements that humans have discovered

Understanding Solutions and Simple Distillation

Before diving into distillation, get these terms sorted: the solute is your dissolved solid, the solvent is the liquid doing the dissolving, and together they make a solution. Think tea again - sugar is the solute, water is the solvent, and sweet tea is your solution!

Simple distillation is brilliant for separating liquids from dissolved solids, like getting pure water from salty seawater. You heat the solution until the water evaporates and rises as vapour, then cool it back down in a condenser to collect pure liquid.

The process is beautifully simple - vapour travels through the condenser where cooling water flowing around it turns the vapour back into pure liquid. Meanwhile, all the dissolved salt gets left behind in the original container.

Temperature matters: Different substances have different boiling points, which is exactly what makes distillation work so well!

Chemistry (Atomic structure and the periodic table)
Elements and Atoms
There are 118 different types of elements that humans have discovered

Fractional Distillation - Separating Liquid Mixtures

Fractional distillation is like simple distillation's clever cousin - it separates two or more liquids that mix together completely (called miscible liquids). Think separating alcohol from water, which is exactly how spirits are made!

The trick is using different boiling points. You heat the mixture to the temperature of whichever liquid boils first. For ethanol and water, ethanol boils at 78°C whilst water needs 100°C, so the ethanol evaporates first and gets collected separately.

The fractionating column makes this super efficient by providing extra surface area for separation. You stop heating when the temperature starts climbing towards the next liquid's boiling point - job done, perfectly separated liquids!

Real-world example: This is exactly how crude oil gets separated into petrol, diesel, and other useful products at refineries!

Chemistry (Atomic structure and the periodic table)
Elements and Atoms
There are 118 different types of elements that humans have discovered

History of Atomic Models - The Journey Begins

The story of atomic theory is like a detective story where each scientist built on previous discoveries! In 1803, John Dalton started it all with his atomic theory, suggesting matter was made of tiny, indestructible particles called atoms.

Dalton's key ideas were groundbreaking: atoms can't be created or destroyed, atoms of the same element are identical, and different atoms combine to make new substances. His "billiard ball" model pictured atoms as solid, indivisible spheres.

Fractional distillation continues with precise temperature control - when your ethanol and water mixture hits exactly 78°C, the ethanol boils off first. Stop heating when the temperature starts rising towards 100°C, and you've successfully separated them!

Science evolution: Dalton's theory was brilliant for its time, but science keeps improving as new evidence emerges!

Chemistry (Atomic structure and the periodic table)
Elements and Atoms
There are 118 different types of elements that humans have discovered

The Plum Pudding Model Revolution

In 1897, J.J. Thomson completely revolutionised atomic theory by discovering the electron using a clever cathode-ray tube experiment. He showed that mysterious rays in the tube were actually streams of negatively charged particles - proving atoms weren't indivisible after all!

Thomson's experiment was ingenious: he created a beam of particles and watched them bend towards a positively charged plate. Since opposite charges attract, this proved the particles (electrons) were negatively charged. Dalton's "billiard ball" model was officially outdated!

This led to Thomson's "plum pudding" model - imagine a Christmas pudding where the pudding itself is positive and the raisins are negative electrons scattered throughout. It wasn't perfect, but it was a massive step forward in understanding atomic structure.

Game changer: Thomson's discovery proved that atoms have internal structure and aren't just solid balls!

Chemistry (Atomic structure and the periodic table)
Elements and Atoms
There are 118 different types of elements that humans have discovered

Thomson's Cathode-Ray Tube Discovery

Thomson's cathode-ray tube experiment was absolutely brilliant in its simplicity. He set up two metal plates - one positive, one negative - and watched as a mysterious beam curved towards the positive plate. This bending proved the beam was made of negatively charged particles.

The plum pudding model that emerged from this discovery pictured atoms as soft, positively charged material with electrons scattered throughout like raisins in a pudding. While we now know this isn't quite right, it was revolutionary for proving atoms had internal structure.

This discovery opened the floodgates for modern chemistry and physics. Thomson showed that atoms weren't the smallest particles after all - they contained even tinier subatomic particles that could be studied and understood.

Scientific method: Thomson's work perfectly shows how science progresses - each discovery builds on previous knowledge while sometimes overturning old ideas!



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Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

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Sudenaz Ocak

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Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

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Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user

 

Chemistry

234

8 Dec 2025

23 pages

Understanding Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table in Chemistry

user profile picture

Kaif Hossain

@aifossain_cbyttpcfhr

Chemistry isn't as scary as it seems - it's basically about understanding how everything around you is built from tiny building blocks called atoms! You'll learn how these atoms combine to make everything from water to your mobile phone, plus... Show more

Chemistry (Atomic structure and the periodic table)
Elements and Atoms
There are 118 different types of elements that humans have discovered

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Elements and Atoms

Ever wondered what makes gold different from iron? It's all down to elements - there are 118 different types that scientists have discovered, each with its own special chemical symbol like a secret code. Atoms are the tiniest possible pieces of these elements, like the ultimate LEGO blocks of the universe.

When atoms from different elements get together, they create compounds. Think of it like making a recipe - combine hydrogen and oxygen atoms, and you get water! These compounds have formulae that show exactly which elements are mixed together.

Chemical reactions are where the magic happens. They're like atomic dance parties where compounds break apart or form new partnerships, creating at least one completely new substance with a measurable energy change.

Key tip: In any chemical equation, reactants (the starting materials) go on the left, and products (what you end up with) go on the right!

Chemistry (Atomic structure and the periodic table)
Elements and Atoms
There are 118 different types of elements that humans have discovered

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Symbol Equations and Mixtures

Here's something brilliant about chemistry - atoms never disappear or pop into existence during reactions. That's why symbol equations must be balanced, with the same number of each type of atom on both sides. It's like a perfectly fair trade!

Mixtures are completely different from compounds - they're just substances hanging out together without any chemical bonding. You can separate them easily because they keep their individual properties. It's like having a bowl of mixed sweets - they're all together, but each sweet is still exactly what it was before.

Homogeneous mixtures are so well blended you can't see the separate parts (like dissolved sugar in tea). Heterogeneous mixtures are the opposite - you can spot the different bits easily (like a fruit salad).

Purity check: Pure substances have exact melting and boiling points. Pure water always boils at 100°C - if it boils higher, there's something dissolved in it!

Chemistry (Atomic structure and the periodic table)
Elements and Atoms
There are 118 different types of elements that humans have discovered

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Chromatography - Separating Colours

Chromatography is like giving different substances a race up a piece of paper! It's perfect for separating mixtures with different solubilities - think of splitting black ink back into its original colours.

The setup is dead simple: draw a pencil line on chromatography paper neveruseinkitlljointherace!never use ink - it'll join the race!, spot your sample on it, then dip the paper into solvent. Make sure that pencil line stays above the solvent level, or your sample will wash away.

As the solvent travels up by capillary action, it carries the different substances at different speeds. The more soluble a substance is, the further it travels. This creates a beautiful pattern showing all the hidden components in your original mixture.

Pro tip: Always use pencil for the starting line because ink would interfere with your results by running up the paper too!

Chemistry (Atomic structure and the periodic table)
Elements and Atoms
There are 118 different types of elements that humans have discovered

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Setting Up Chromatography

The chromatography setup follows three simple steps that even work brilliantly at home! First, you prepare your chromatography paper with a pencil line and carefully place dots of your sample (like black ink) on it.

Next comes the exciting bit - you lower the paper into a beaker with the right solvent, making sure the pencil line sits above the liquid. Then you just wait and watch as the solvent climbs up the paper, carrying different coloured substances at different rates.

Finally, you get to analyse your chromatogram! If you started with black ink, you might discover it's actually made from yellow, red, and blue components that have now separated into distinct bands.

Amazing fact: This technique can reveal the secret ingredients in everything from food colourings to crime scene evidence!

Chemistry (Atomic structure and the periodic table)
Elements and Atoms
There are 118 different types of elements that humans have discovered

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Filtration and Crystallisation

Filtration is your go-to method when you need to separate insoluble solids from liquids. Picture making coffee - the filter paper traps the coffee grounds whilst letting the liquid through. The trapped solid is called the residue, and the liquid that passes through is the filtrate.

Crystallisation works like magic to separate dissolved solids from solutions. You heat the solution to make water evaporate, leaving behind a saturated solution - basically, liquid that's holding as much dissolved solid as physically possible.

Here's a cool test: dip a clean, dry, cold glass rod into your heated solution. If crystals form on it when you pull it out, you've got a saturated solution! Let it cool slowly, and beautiful crystals will grow as the solid becomes less soluble in the cooler liquid.

Crystal care: Always wash your final crystals with distilled water and dry them properly between filter papers or in a drying oven.

Chemistry (Atomic structure and the periodic table)
Elements and Atoms
There are 118 different types of elements that humans have discovered

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Understanding Solutions and Simple Distillation

Before diving into distillation, get these terms sorted: the solute is your dissolved solid, the solvent is the liquid doing the dissolving, and together they make a solution. Think tea again - sugar is the solute, water is the solvent, and sweet tea is your solution!

Simple distillation is brilliant for separating liquids from dissolved solids, like getting pure water from salty seawater. You heat the solution until the water evaporates and rises as vapour, then cool it back down in a condenser to collect pure liquid.

The process is beautifully simple - vapour travels through the condenser where cooling water flowing around it turns the vapour back into pure liquid. Meanwhile, all the dissolved salt gets left behind in the original container.

Temperature matters: Different substances have different boiling points, which is exactly what makes distillation work so well!

Chemistry (Atomic structure and the periodic table)
Elements and Atoms
There are 118 different types of elements that humans have discovered

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Fractional Distillation - Separating Liquid Mixtures

Fractional distillation is like simple distillation's clever cousin - it separates two or more liquids that mix together completely (called miscible liquids). Think separating alcohol from water, which is exactly how spirits are made!

The trick is using different boiling points. You heat the mixture to the temperature of whichever liquid boils first. For ethanol and water, ethanol boils at 78°C whilst water needs 100°C, so the ethanol evaporates first and gets collected separately.

The fractionating column makes this super efficient by providing extra surface area for separation. You stop heating when the temperature starts climbing towards the next liquid's boiling point - job done, perfectly separated liquids!

Real-world example: This is exactly how crude oil gets separated into petrol, diesel, and other useful products at refineries!

Chemistry (Atomic structure and the periodic table)
Elements and Atoms
There are 118 different types of elements that humans have discovered

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

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Improve your grades

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By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

History of Atomic Models - The Journey Begins

The story of atomic theory is like a detective story where each scientist built on previous discoveries! In 1803, John Dalton started it all with his atomic theory, suggesting matter was made of tiny, indestructible particles called atoms.

Dalton's key ideas were groundbreaking: atoms can't be created or destroyed, atoms of the same element are identical, and different atoms combine to make new substances. His "billiard ball" model pictured atoms as solid, indivisible spheres.

Fractional distillation continues with precise temperature control - when your ethanol and water mixture hits exactly 78°C, the ethanol boils off first. Stop heating when the temperature starts rising towards 100°C, and you've successfully separated them!

Science evolution: Dalton's theory was brilliant for its time, but science keeps improving as new evidence emerges!

Chemistry (Atomic structure and the periodic table)
Elements and Atoms
There are 118 different types of elements that humans have discovered

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

The Plum Pudding Model Revolution

In 1897, J.J. Thomson completely revolutionised atomic theory by discovering the electron using a clever cathode-ray tube experiment. He showed that mysterious rays in the tube were actually streams of negatively charged particles - proving atoms weren't indivisible after all!

Thomson's experiment was ingenious: he created a beam of particles and watched them bend towards a positively charged plate. Since opposite charges attract, this proved the particles (electrons) were negatively charged. Dalton's "billiard ball" model was officially outdated!

This led to Thomson's "plum pudding" model - imagine a Christmas pudding where the pudding itself is positive and the raisins are negative electrons scattered throughout. It wasn't perfect, but it was a massive step forward in understanding atomic structure.

Game changer: Thomson's discovery proved that atoms have internal structure and aren't just solid balls!

Chemistry (Atomic structure and the periodic table)
Elements and Atoms
There are 118 different types of elements that humans have discovered

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Thomson's Cathode-Ray Tube Discovery

Thomson's cathode-ray tube experiment was absolutely brilliant in its simplicity. He set up two metal plates - one positive, one negative - and watched as a mysterious beam curved towards the positive plate. This bending proved the beam was made of negatively charged particles.

The plum pudding model that emerged from this discovery pictured atoms as soft, positively charged material with electrons scattered throughout like raisins in a pudding. While we now know this isn't quite right, it was revolutionary for proving atoms had internal structure.

This discovery opened the floodgates for modern chemistry and physics. Thomson showed that atoms weren't the smallest particles after all - they contained even tinier subatomic particles that could be studied and understood.

Scientific method: Thomson's work perfectly shows how science progresses - each discovery builds on previous knowledge while sometimes overturning old ideas!

We thought you’d never ask...

What is the Knowunity AI companion?

Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.

Where can I download the Knowunity app?

You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.

Is Knowunity really free of charge?

That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.

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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user