Page 2: Advanced Organic Reactions and Mechanisms

This page delves into more complex organic transformations, particularly focusing on aromatic substitution reactions and nitrogen-containing compounds. The content explores various reaction pathways including electrophilic substitution and reduction processes.

Definition: Electrophilic substitution involves the replacement of a hydrogen atom in an aromatic ring by an electrophile.

Example: The nitration of benzene using concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids demonstrates electrophilic aromatic substitution.

Highlight: The reduction of nitriles to primary amines using LiAlH4 shows an important pathway in amine synthesis.

Vocabulary: Nucleophilic addition-elimination - a mechanism where a nucleophile adds to a carbonyl group followed by loss of a leaving group.