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Chemistry A level Reaction Mechanisms
16/10/2022
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nucleophilic substitution & elimination Nucleophilic substitution with -OH Reagent; source of hydroxide - NaOH or KOH Conditions: Heat under reflux so warm NaOH/KOH General Equation : —X General mechanism : OH R + NaOH → 1 Nucleophilic substitution with NH3 Reagent: NH3 dissolved in ethanol Conditions: heated under pressure in a sealed container NH3 T General equation : R-X+ 2NH3R-NH₂ + NH4X General mechanism: Reaction mechanisms Electrophilic addition with Br General equation: 1 C = C + Br₂ 1 General mechanism: electrophilic addition --- General mechanism : H CN²H →→→→N HNH3 -C-C² C:0₂ OH →-C-C+-H→→H-C² I C:Br Br 0=5=0 OH Br Br H H Electrophilic addition with H2SO4 General equation : I T C=C + H₂504 Br Br --- 0 -H 0= 5=0 OH OH+ Nax H →N-C-C-H H 05-0 Он Nucleophilic substitution with -CN Reagent: ethanolic KCN Conditions: heating under reflux so warm KCN General equation: R-X + KCN-R-CN + KX General mechanism: CN Elimination -- Reagent :ethanolic KOH/ NaOH Conditions: hot ethanolic KOH/NaOH General equation: + KOH → CN I I C=C I General mechanism: -15-4-1 General equation: + HBr → -:OH Hydrogen being eliminated must be adjacent (left or right) to the carbon with the C-X bond Electrophilic addition with HBr General mechanism: -656- Br I H → -- +- C:0-H H Br + KX + H₂O 1 C: Br Electrophilic addition with H20 Conditions: strong acid catalyst General equation : 1 1 Strong acid C=C + H₂0-Calaist-C-C- 1 1 General mechanism: -tzi- I I H OH (-C 20+ -
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