Subjects

Chemistry

Organic chemistry

Halogenoalkanes

Nucleophilic substitution

How Cool Chemical Reactions Happen: Electrophilic Addition, Hydration, and Friedel-Crafts!

Name: Knowunity
Brand: Knowunity

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How Cool Chemical Reactions Happen: Electrophilic Addition, Hydration, and Friedel-Crafts!

Zara

@zara_ccce

18 Followers

A comprehensive guide to organic chemistry reactions focusing on addition, substitution, and elimination mechanisms, with detailed explanations of electrophilic addition with bromine, acid catalyzed addition hydration of ethene, and Friedel-Crafts acylation mechanism.

Covers major reaction types including electrophilic addition, nucleophilic substitution, and free radical substitution
Details specific mechanisms like bromination, hydration, and nitration
Explains formation of electrophiles and reaction intermediates
Includes both alkene and aromatic compound reactions
Demonstrates step-by-step reaction mechanisms with electron movement

24/06/2023

374

Electrophilic Addition
- with Bromine
- Sulfuric acid
H
H
Ege
CHOSOZOH
Hydrogen bromide
H
ruce
Gond
For
C₂OH
U
Elimination
-Ethanolic hydrox

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Page 2: Multiple Reaction Mechanisms

This page covers several important reaction types including acid catalyzed addition hydration of ethene and free radical substitution mechanisms. The content emphasizes the step-wise nature of organic reactions.

Definition: Free radical substitution occurs through three distinct steps: initiation, propagation, and termination.

Example: The free radical bromination of methane proceeds through a chain reaction mechanism initiated by UV light.

Highlight: The propagation step demonstrates how radical chain reactions can be self-sustaining once initiated.

Vocabulary: Propagation - the main reaction cycle in a radical chain mechanism where reactive intermediates are continuously regenerated.

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Page 3: Nucleophilic Reactions

The third page explores nucleophilic addition and addition-elimination reactions, with particular focus on reactions involving ammonia and cyanide ions.

Definition: Nucleophilic addition involves the attack of an electron-rich species (nucleophile) on an electron-deficient carbon.

Example: The reaction of ammonia with carbonyls to form primary amines demonstrates nucleophilic addition followed by elimination.

Highlight: The formation of cyanohydrins shows how nucleophilic addition can create new carbon-carbon bonds.

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Page 4: Aromatic Substitution Reactions

The final page details aromatic substitution reactions, including nitration and the Friedel-Crafts acylation mechanism.

Definition: Electrophilic aromatic substitution involves the replacement of a hydrogen atom on an aromatic ring with an electrophile.

Example: The nitration of aromatic compounds using nitric acid and sulfuric acid demonstrates the formation and reaction of the nitronium ion (NO₂⁺).

Highlight: The Friedel-Crafts acylation requires aluminum chloride as a Lewis acid catalyst to generate the active electrophile.

Vocabulary: Electrophile - a chemical species that accepts electron pairs in chemical bonds.

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Page 1: Electrophilic Addition Reactions

The first page introduces fundamental electrophilic addition reactions, particularly focusing on reactions with bromine and sulfuric acid. The mechanisms show the step-by-step addition of reactants across double bonds.

Definition: Electrophilic addition is a reaction where an electrophile (electron-seeking species) adds across a carbon-carbon double bond.

Example: The addition of bromine (Br₂) to an alkene produces a dibrominated product through a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.

Highlight: The reaction mechanism demonstrates the importance of electron movement and intermediate formation in organic chemistry reactions.

Vocabulary: Bromonium ion - a cyclic intermediate formed during bromine addition to alkenes.

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Knowunity is the #1 education app in five European countries

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Pupils love Knowunity

#1

In education app charts in 12 countries

950 K+

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I love this app so much, I also use it daily. I recommend Knowunity to everyone!!! I went from a D to an A with it :D

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The app is very simple and well designed. So far I have always found everything I was looking for :D

Lena, iOS user

I love this app ❤️ I actually use it every time I study.

Subjects

Chemistry

Organic chemistry

Halogenoalkanes

Nucleophilic substitution

How Cool Chemical Reactions Happen: Electrophilic Addition, Hydration, and Friedel-Crafts!

Zara

@zara_ccce

18 Followers

Covers major reaction types including electrophilic addition, nucleophilic substitution, and free radical substitution
Details specific mechanisms like bromination, hydration, and nitration
Explains formation of electrophiles and reaction intermediates
Includes both alkene and aromatic compound reactions
Demonstrates step-by-step reaction mechanisms with electron movement

24/06/2023

374

12/13

Chemistry

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Page 2: Multiple Reaction Mechanisms

Definition: Free radical substitution occurs through three distinct steps: initiation, propagation, and termination.

Example: The free radical bromination of methane proceeds through a chain reaction mechanism initiated by UV light.

Highlight: The propagation step demonstrates how radical chain reactions can be self-sustaining once initiated.

Vocabulary: Propagation - the main reaction cycle in a radical chain mechanism where reactive intermediates are continuously regenerated.

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Page 3: Nucleophilic Reactions

The third page explores nucleophilic addition and addition-elimination reactions, with particular focus on reactions involving ammonia and cyanide ions.

Definition: Nucleophilic addition involves the attack of an electron-rich species (nucleophile) on an electron-deficient carbon.

Example: The reaction of ammonia with carbonyls to form primary amines demonstrates nucleophilic addition followed by elimination.

Highlight: The formation of cyanohydrins shows how nucleophilic addition can create new carbon-carbon bonds.

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Page 4: Aromatic Substitution Reactions

The final page details aromatic substitution reactions, including nitration and the Friedel-Crafts acylation mechanism.

Definition: Electrophilic aromatic substitution involves the replacement of a hydrogen atom on an aromatic ring with an electrophile.

Example: The nitration of aromatic compounds using nitric acid and sulfuric acid demonstrates the formation and reaction of the nitronium ion (NO₂⁺).

Highlight: The Friedel-Crafts acylation requires aluminum chloride as a Lewis acid catalyst to generate the active electrophile.

Vocabulary: Electrophile - a chemical species that accepts electron pairs in chemical bonds.

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Page 1: Electrophilic Addition Reactions

Definition: Electrophilic addition is a reaction where an electrophile (electron-seeking species) adds across a carbon-carbon double bond.

Example: The addition of bromine (Br₂) to an alkene produces a dibrominated product through a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.

Highlight: The reaction mechanism demonstrates the importance of electron movement and intermediate formation in organic chemistry reactions.

Vocabulary: Bromonium ion - a cyclic intermediate formed during bromine addition to alkenes.

Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Knowunity is the #1 education app in five European countries

Knowunity has been named a featured story on Apple and has regularly topped the app store charts in the education category in Germany, Italy, Poland, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Join Knowunity today and help millions of students around the world.

Download in

Google Play

Download in

App Store

4.9+

Average app rating

15 M

Pupils love Knowunity

#1

In education app charts in 12 countries

950 K+

Students have uploaded notes

Still not convinced? See what other students are saying...

iOS User

I love this app so much, I also use it daily. I recommend Knowunity to everyone!!! I went from a D to an A with it :D

Philip, iOS User

The app is very simple and well designed. So far I have always found everything I was looking for :D

Lena, iOS user

How Cool Chemical Reactions Happen: Electrophilic Addition, Hydration, and Friedel-Crafts!

Page 2: Multiple Reaction Mechanisms

Page 3: Nucleophilic Reactions

Page 4: Aromatic Substitution Reactions

Page 1: Electrophilic Addition Reactions

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Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Knowunity is the #1 education app in five European countries

Knowunity has been named a featured story on Apple and has regularly topped the app store charts in the education category in Germany, Italy, Poland, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Join Knowunity today and help millions of students around the world.

4.9+

15 M

#1

950 K+

Still not convinced? See what other students are saying...

I love this app so much, I also use it daily. I recommend Knowunity to everyone!!! I went from a D to an A with it :D

The app is very simple and well designed. So far I have always found everything I was looking for :D

I love this app ❤️ I actually use it every time I study.

How Cool Chemical Reactions Happen: Electrophilic Addition, Hydration, and Friedel-Crafts!

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Page 2: Multiple Reaction Mechanisms

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Page 3: Nucleophilic Reactions

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Page 4: Aromatic Substitution Reactions

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Page 1: Electrophilic Addition Reactions

Similar content

Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Knowunity is the #1 education app in five European countries

Knowunity has been named a featured story on Apple and has regularly topped the app store charts in the education category in Germany, Italy, Poland, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Join Knowunity today and help millions of students around the world.

4.9+

15 M

#1

950 K+

Still not convinced? See what other students are saying...

I love this app so much, I also use it daily. I recommend Knowunity to everyone!!! I went from a D to an A with it :D

The app is very simple and well designed. So far I have always found everything I was looking for :D

I love this app ❤️ I actually use it every time I study.