Maths
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Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
Biological molecules
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Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
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2
0
Grace
03/12/2025
Biology
Monoclonal antibodies
40
•
3 Dec 2025
•
Grace
@gracehatesyouu
Monoclonal antibodies are identical copies of antibodies that scientists create... Show more
Ever wondered how scientists create identical antibodies in massive quantities? The process is actually quite clever and involves tricking cells into becoming antibody factories.
First, scientists inject a mouse with a specific antigen (the substance they want the antibody to target). The mouse's immune system responds by producing white blood cells that make the perfect antibody. However, these cells don't live very long on their own.
Here's the brilliant bit: scientists fuse these antibody-producing cells with fast-dividing tumour cells to create hybridoma cells. These hybrid cells combine the best of both worlds - they produce the right antibody AND divide rapidly forever. This creates millions of identical cells churning out the same antibody, which can then be collected and purified.
Quick Tip: Think of hybridoma cells as the ultimate biological photocopier - they make endless identical copies of exactly the antibody you need!
Pregnancy tests are probably the most common example of monoclonal antibodies in action that you'll encounter. They detect a hormone called HCG that only appears in pregnant women's urine.
When you pee on the stick, the urine hits antibodies attached to blue beads. If you're pregnant, the HCG hormone binds to these antibodies. As the urine travels up the stick, it carries the hormone-bead combo to a test strip where more antibodies wait. When they all bind together, the strip turns blue - you're pregnant!
If there's no HCG hormone (meaning you're not pregnant), the blue beads have nothing to stick to on the test strip, so it stays clear. It's essentially a biological lock-and-key system that only works when the right hormone is present.
Monoclonal antibodies are revolutionising how we treat serious diseases, especially cancer. They work like guided missiles, targeting specific cells whilst leaving healthy tissue alone.
There are three main ways they fight cancer: directly stimulating your immune system to attack cancer cells, blocking receptors that help cancer cells grow, and acting as delivery vehicles to transport toxic drugs or radioactive substances straight to the tumour. This targeted approach means less damage to healthy cells compared to traditional chemotherapy.
Beyond cancer treatment, these antibodies are incredibly versatile. They can measure hormone levels in blood tests, detect specific pathogens in lab samples, and even locate particular molecules in tissues using fluorescent dyes that light up when they find their target.
Remember: Monoclonal antibodies are like having a specialist key that only fits one specific lock - they're incredibly precise!
The biggest advantage is early detection - diseases like prostate cancer can be spotted much sooner, potentially saving lives. Their precision means they can treat conditions that were previously difficult to target effectively.
However, they're not perfect. Mouse antibodies can trigger unwanted immune responses in humans, causing more side effects than scientists initially expected. Perhaps most significantly, they're extremely expensive to develop and produce, which can limit access to these treatments.
Despite the challenges, monoclonal antibodies represent one of the most promising areas of modern medicine, offering hope for more effective and targeted treatments.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Grace
@gracehatesyouu
Monoclonal antibodies are identical copies of antibodies that scientists create in labs to fight diseases and detect specific substances in your body. They're like precision-guided missiles that can target exactly what they're looking for, making them incredibly useful for everything... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Ever wondered how scientists create identical antibodies in massive quantities? The process is actually quite clever and involves tricking cells into becoming antibody factories.
First, scientists inject a mouse with a specific antigen (the substance they want the antibody to target). The mouse's immune system responds by producing white blood cells that make the perfect antibody. However, these cells don't live very long on their own.
Here's the brilliant bit: scientists fuse these antibody-producing cells with fast-dividing tumour cells to create hybridoma cells. These hybrid cells combine the best of both worlds - they produce the right antibody AND divide rapidly forever. This creates millions of identical cells churning out the same antibody, which can then be collected and purified.
Quick Tip: Think of hybridoma cells as the ultimate biological photocopier - they make endless identical copies of exactly the antibody you need!
Pregnancy tests are probably the most common example of monoclonal antibodies in action that you'll encounter. They detect a hormone called HCG that only appears in pregnant women's urine.
When you pee on the stick, the urine hits antibodies attached to blue beads. If you're pregnant, the HCG hormone binds to these antibodies. As the urine travels up the stick, it carries the hormone-bead combo to a test strip where more antibodies wait. When they all bind together, the strip turns blue - you're pregnant!
If there's no HCG hormone (meaning you're not pregnant), the blue beads have nothing to stick to on the test strip, so it stays clear. It's essentially a biological lock-and-key system that only works when the right hormone is present.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Monoclonal antibodies are revolutionising how we treat serious diseases, especially cancer. They work like guided missiles, targeting specific cells whilst leaving healthy tissue alone.
There are three main ways they fight cancer: directly stimulating your immune system to attack cancer cells, blocking receptors that help cancer cells grow, and acting as delivery vehicles to transport toxic drugs or radioactive substances straight to the tumour. This targeted approach means less damage to healthy cells compared to traditional chemotherapy.
Beyond cancer treatment, these antibodies are incredibly versatile. They can measure hormone levels in blood tests, detect specific pathogens in lab samples, and even locate particular molecules in tissues using fluorescent dyes that light up when they find their target.
Remember: Monoclonal antibodies are like having a specialist key that only fits one specific lock - they're incredibly precise!
The biggest advantage is early detection - diseases like prostate cancer can be spotted much sooner, potentially saving lives. Their precision means they can treat conditions that were previously difficult to target effectively.
However, they're not perfect. Mouse antibodies can trigger unwanted immune responses in humans, causing more side effects than scientists initially expected. Perhaps most significantly, they're extremely expensive to develop and produce, which can limit access to these treatments.
Despite the challenges, monoclonal antibodies represent one of the most promising areas of modern medicine, offering hope for more effective and targeted treatments.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Explore the production, applications, and evaluation of monoclonal antibodies (mABs) in disease treatment and diagnostics. This summary covers their role in targeting specific antigens, including their use in pregnancy tests, along with a discussion of advantages and disadvantages. Ideal for students studying immunology and adaptive immune responses.
BiologyExplore the key concepts of pathogens, their types, and the immune response in this comprehensive study note. Understand how diseases spread, the role of vaccinations, and the function of monoclonal antibodies in treatment. Ideal for AQA GCSE Biology students preparing for exams.
BiologyExplore the essential processes involved in drug development, including efficacy, toxicity, and clinical trials. This summary covers the role of monoclonal antibodies in targeting diseases, their applications in pregnancy testing, and ethical considerations. Ideal for GCSE Biology students studying Health and Disease.
BiologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology