Maths
Chemistry
Biology
English Language
History
Responding to change (a2 only)
Infection and response
Homeostasis and response
Energy transfers (a2 only)
Cell biology
Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
Biological molecules
Organisation
Substance exchange
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Genetics & ecosystems (a2 only)
Ecology
Cells
Show all topics
Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
World war one
Britain: 1509 -1745
Show all topics
7
0
Nona
10/12/2025
Biology
Monoclonal Antibodies
163
•
10 Dec 2025
•
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are incredible tools in modern medicine that... Show more
Monoclonal antibodies represent one of the most powerful tools in modern medicine and diagnostics. Unlike regular antibodies produced by your immune system, these laboratory-created proteins are designed with incredible precision.
Think of mAbs as specially engineered "smart missiles" that can identify and lock onto very specific targets in your body. This precision makes them invaluable in both diagnosing and treating diseases.
Quick Fact: The "mono" in monoclonal means these antibodies all come from identical immune cells that are clones of a single parent cell!
Monoclonal antibodies are produced from clones of a single white blood cell. This means they're identical copies of each other - like having an army of identical soldiers.
What makes mAbs special is their specificity. Each monoclonal antibody targets just one specific antigen (a molecule that triggers an immune response). This laser-focus makes them incredibly useful in medicine where precision matters.
Unlike your body's natural antibodies which might vary in their targeting ability, monoclonal antibodies are consistent and reliable. They'll only attach to their designated target, making them perfect for precision medicine applications.
Creating monoclonal antibodies starts with injecting a mouse with a specific antigen to stimulate its immune system. The mouse's lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) begin producing antibodies against this antigen.
Scientists then extract these lymphocytes and fuse them with myeloma tumour cells to create a hybrid cell called a hybridoma. This fusion is crucial because it combines the lymphocyte's ability to make specific antibodies with the cancer cell's ability to divide endlessly.
The hybridoma cells divide continuously, creating clones that all produce identical antibodies. These monoclonal antibodies are then collected and purified for use in medicine, research, and diagnostics.
Biology Insight: The fusion of normal cells with cancer cells gives us the best of both worlds - the specificity of the immune system with the immortality of cancer cells!
Monoclonal antibodies have revolutionized disease treatment by targeting specific antigens on pathogens or abnormal cells like cancer. This precision allows doctors to attack diseases directly without harming healthy tissues.
One brilliant application involves attaching drugs to mAbs that recognize tumour markers - like adding a guided missile to a bomb. The antibody delivers the medicine exactly where it's needed, reducing side effects dramatically.
mAbs are also fantastic diagnostic tools. When bound to fluorescent dyes, they can help scientists locate specific molecules or structures in blood, tissues, or cells. This makes them invaluable for detecting diseases early and monitoring treatment effectiveness.
Real-World Connection: Many cancer treatments you might hear about in the news are monoclonal antibodies. Their names often end with "-mab" (like rituximab or trastuzumab)!
Ever wondered how a simple stick can detect pregnancy? It's all about monoclonal antibodies! Pregnancy tests detect human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), a hormone only found in pregnant women's urine.
The test contains different monoclonal antibodies with specific roles. When urine flows up the test strip, the first antibody (mAB 1) attached to blue dye binds to any HCG present. This complex then travels further up the strip.
At the test window, a second fixed antibody (mAB 2) captures the HCG-antibody-dye complex, forming a blue line if you're pregnant. A third antibody (mAB 3) in the control window always catches some of the first antibody, creating a line that shows the test is working properly.
Did You Know? Pregnancy tests are over 99% accurate when used correctly, all thanks to the specificity of monoclonal antibodies!
Monoclonal antibodies offer remarkable benefits in medicine. They provide targeted treatment that attacks specific disease cells while leaving healthy ones alone. This precision makes them especially valuable in cancer therapy, where they can deliver drugs directly to tumour cells.
Their diagnostic capabilities are equally impressive. From pregnancy tests to detecting infectious diseases, mAbs can identify specific molecules with incredible accuracy. This specificity helps doctors make faster, more accurate diagnoses.
However, mAbs aren't perfect. They can cause unexpected side effects like fever, rash, and nausea. They're also quite expensive to produce, which limits their accessibility. Additionally, the use of animals in their production raises ethical concerns for some people.
Looking Forward: Scientists are working on creating fully human monoclonal antibodies that might reduce side effects and ethical concerns!
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are incredible tools in modern medicine that work with incredible precision. They're like specially trained soldiers that can target specific enemies in your body without harming innocent bystanders. Understanding how they work and why they're so important... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Monoclonal antibodies represent one of the most powerful tools in modern medicine and diagnostics. Unlike regular antibodies produced by your immune system, these laboratory-created proteins are designed with incredible precision.
Think of mAbs as specially engineered "smart missiles" that can identify and lock onto very specific targets in your body. This precision makes them invaluable in both diagnosing and treating diseases.
Quick Fact: The "mono" in monoclonal means these antibodies all come from identical immune cells that are clones of a single parent cell!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Monoclonal antibodies are produced from clones of a single white blood cell. This means they're identical copies of each other - like having an army of identical soldiers.
What makes mAbs special is their specificity. Each monoclonal antibody targets just one specific antigen (a molecule that triggers an immune response). This laser-focus makes them incredibly useful in medicine where precision matters.
Unlike your body's natural antibodies which might vary in their targeting ability, monoclonal antibodies are consistent and reliable. They'll only attach to their designated target, making them perfect for precision medicine applications.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Creating monoclonal antibodies starts with injecting a mouse with a specific antigen to stimulate its immune system. The mouse's lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) begin producing antibodies against this antigen.
Scientists then extract these lymphocytes and fuse them with myeloma tumour cells to create a hybrid cell called a hybridoma. This fusion is crucial because it combines the lymphocyte's ability to make specific antibodies with the cancer cell's ability to divide endlessly.
The hybridoma cells divide continuously, creating clones that all produce identical antibodies. These monoclonal antibodies are then collected and purified for use in medicine, research, and diagnostics.
Biology Insight: The fusion of normal cells with cancer cells gives us the best of both worlds - the specificity of the immune system with the immortality of cancer cells!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Monoclonal antibodies have revolutionized disease treatment by targeting specific antigens on pathogens or abnormal cells like cancer. This precision allows doctors to attack diseases directly without harming healthy tissues.
One brilliant application involves attaching drugs to mAbs that recognize tumour markers - like adding a guided missile to a bomb. The antibody delivers the medicine exactly where it's needed, reducing side effects dramatically.
mAbs are also fantastic diagnostic tools. When bound to fluorescent dyes, they can help scientists locate specific molecules or structures in blood, tissues, or cells. This makes them invaluable for detecting diseases early and monitoring treatment effectiveness.
Real-World Connection: Many cancer treatments you might hear about in the news are monoclonal antibodies. Their names often end with "-mab" (like rituximab or trastuzumab)!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Ever wondered how a simple stick can detect pregnancy? It's all about monoclonal antibodies! Pregnancy tests detect human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), a hormone only found in pregnant women's urine.
The test contains different monoclonal antibodies with specific roles. When urine flows up the test strip, the first antibody (mAB 1) attached to blue dye binds to any HCG present. This complex then travels further up the strip.
At the test window, a second fixed antibody (mAB 2) captures the HCG-antibody-dye complex, forming a blue line if you're pregnant. A third antibody (mAB 3) in the control window always catches some of the first antibody, creating a line that shows the test is working properly.
Did You Know? Pregnancy tests are over 99% accurate when used correctly, all thanks to the specificity of monoclonal antibodies!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Monoclonal antibodies offer remarkable benefits in medicine. They provide targeted treatment that attacks specific disease cells while leaving healthy ones alone. This precision makes them especially valuable in cancer therapy, where they can deliver drugs directly to tumour cells.
Their diagnostic capabilities are equally impressive. From pregnancy tests to detecting infectious diseases, mAbs can identify specific molecules with incredible accuracy. This specificity helps doctors make faster, more accurate diagnoses.
However, mAbs aren't perfect. They can cause unexpected side effects like fever, rash, and nausea. They're also quite expensive to produce, which limits their accessibility. Additionally, the use of animals in their production raises ethical concerns for some people.
Looking Forward: Scientists are working on creating fully human monoclonal antibodies that might reduce side effects and ethical concerns!
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
7
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the key concepts of pathogens, their types, and the immune response in this comprehensive study note. Understand how diseases spread, the role of vaccinations, and the function of monoclonal antibodies in treatment. Ideal for AQA GCSE Biology students preparing for exams.
BiologyExplore the role of monoclonal antibodies in cancer treatment and diagnostics. This summary covers their function in stimulating the immune response, the process of creating monoclonal antibodies, and their applications in pregnancy tests and disease detection. Ideal for GCSE AQA B6.5-6 students.
BiologyExplore the essential processes involved in drug development, including efficacy, toxicity, and clinical trials. This summary covers the role of monoclonal antibodies in targeting diseases, their applications in pregnancy testing, and ethical considerations. Ideal for GCSE Biology students studying Health and Disease.
BiologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology