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20 Dec 2025

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5 pages

GCSE AQA Bioenergetics Notes - B4 Summary

Freya Playford

@freyaplayford_mnhy

Ever wondered how plants make their own food and how... Show more

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$Photosynthesis endothermic Chloroplasts <green pigment chlorophyll (absoros light) carbon dioxide + $H_2O$ $\rightarrow$ quicese + oxygen$

Photosynthesis: Nature's Solar Power

Think of photosynthesis as the ultimate solar panel system that keeps all life on Earth running. Chloroplasts contain a green pigment called chlorophyll that absorbs light energy to power this amazing process.

The basic equation is surprisingly simple: carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen. This endothermic reaction needs energy input from sunlight to work, which is why plants can't photosynthesise in the dark.

But what happens to all that glucose? Plants are pretty clever with their sugar - they use it for cellular respiration to release energy, build cellulose to strengthen cell walls, create starch for long-term storage, and even make amino acids by combining glucose with nitrate ions.

Quick Tip: Remember that starch is perfect for storage because it's insoluble - unlike glucose, it won't draw water into cells through osmosis and cause them to burst!

$Photosynthesis endothermic Chloroplasts <green pigment chlorophyll (absoros light) carbon dioxide + $H_2O$ $\rightarrow$ quicese + oxygen$

What Affects Photosynthesis Rate?

Your plant's photosynthesis performance depends on four key factors working together like a well-oiled machine. Light intensity, temperature, carbon dioxide levels, and chlorophyll amount all play crucial roles.

Chlorophyll levels can drop due to disease (like tobacco mosaic virus), environmental stress, or lack of nutrients. When this happens, even perfect conditions won't boost photosynthesis rates.

The graphs show something fascinating - each factor becomes the limiting factor at different points. More light helps until something else (like CO₂) becomes the bottleneck. Temperature works brilliantly until about 45°C when enzymes start denaturing and everything goes wrong.

Reality Check: Understanding limiting factors explains why simply blasting plants with more light won't always help - you need the right balance of all conditions!

$Photosynthesis endothermic Chloroplasts <green pigment chlorophyll (absoros light) carbon dioxide + $H_2O$ $\rightarrow$ quicese + oxygen$

Farming: Maximising Photosynthesis

Smart farmers have figured out how to hack photosynthesis by creating artificial perfect conditions. Greenhouses trap the sun's heat and protect plants from pests, whilst artificial lighting keeps photosynthesis running even during dark winter days.

They pump in extra CO₂ using paraffin heaters (which produce CO₂ as they burn), add fertilisers to provide essential minerals, and use pesticides to eliminate crop-damaging insects.

Cellular respiration is photosynthesis's partner in crime - this exothermic reaction continuously transfers energy from glucose in all living cells. Your body uses this energy for building proteins from amino acids, muscle contraction for movement, and maintaining body temperature.

Cost vs Benefit: Farmers must carefully weigh the extra costs of these artificial conditions against the increased crop yield - not every enhancement is worth the expense!

$Photosynthesis endothermic Chloroplasts <green pigment chlorophyll (absoros light) carbon dioxide + $H_2O$ $\rightarrow$ quicese + oxygen$

Aerobic vs Anaerobic Respiration

Metabolism encompasses all chemical processes keeping organisms alive, with respiration being the star player. Aerobic respiration is your body's preferred method - it's the most efficient way to extract energy from glucose when oxygen is plentiful.

The equation mirrors photosynthesis in reverse: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water. This process happens in the mitochondria and provides steady energy for daily activities.

Anaerobic respiration kicks in when oxygen runs short, like during intense exercise when your muscles demand more energy than your breathing can supply. It's less efficient but keeps you moving when aerobic respiration can't keep up.

Energy Efficiency: Aerobic respiration produces about 32 ATP molecules per glucose, whilst anaerobic only manages 2 - that's why you can't sprint indefinitely!

$Photosynthesis endothermic Chloroplasts <green pigment chlorophyll (absoros light) carbon dioxide + $H_2O$ $\rightarrow$ quicese + oxygen$

Exercise and Oxygen Debt

When you exercise, your muscles work overtime and demand loads of energy through cellular respiration. Your body responds by increasing breathing rate and heart rate to pump oxygen around faster - you can measure these by counting chest movements and checking your pulse.

During intense exercise, anaerobic respiration becomes your backup energy source, but it produces lactic acid as a waste product. This builds up in your tissues, causing that familiar burning sensation in your muscles.

Oxygen debt occurs when you need extra oxygen after exercise to break down the lactic acid that's accumulated. Your blood carries this lactic acid to your liver, where it reacts with oxygen to form glucose again.

Recovery Tip: That heavy breathing after a sprint isn't just you being unfit - it's your body working hard to clear lactic acid and restore normal conditions!

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20 Dec 2025

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5 pages

GCSE AQA Bioenergetics Notes - B4 Summary

Freya Playford

@freyaplayford_mnhy

Ever wondered how plants make their own food and how your body gets energy from that Sunday roast? Photosynthesis and respiration are like nature's ultimate energy exchange system - plants capture sunlight to make glucose, and then both plants and... Show more

$Photosynthesis endothermic Chloroplasts <green pigment chlorophyll (absoros light) carbon dioxide + $H_2O$ $\rightarrow$ quicese + oxygen$

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Photosynthesis: Nature's Solar Power

Quick Tip: Remember that starch is perfect for storage because it's insoluble - unlike glucose, it won't draw water into cells through osmosis and cause them to burst!

$Photosynthesis endothermic Chloroplasts <green pigment chlorophyll (absoros light) carbon dioxide + $H_2O$ $\rightarrow$ quicese + oxygen$

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What Affects Photosynthesis Rate?

Chlorophyll levels can drop due to disease (like tobacco mosaic virus), environmental stress, or lack of nutrients. When this happens, even perfect conditions won't boost photosynthesis rates.

Reality Check: Understanding limiting factors explains why simply blasting plants with more light won't always help - you need the right balance of all conditions!

$Photosynthesis endothermic Chloroplasts <green pigment chlorophyll (absoros light) carbon dioxide + $H_2O$ $\rightarrow$ quicese + oxygen$

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Farming: Maximising Photosynthesis

They pump in extra CO₂ using paraffin heaters (which produce CO₂ as they burn), add fertilisers to provide essential minerals, and use pesticides to eliminate crop-damaging insects.

Cost vs Benefit: Farmers must carefully weigh the extra costs of these artificial conditions against the increased crop yield - not every enhancement is worth the expense!

$Photosynthesis endothermic Chloroplasts <green pigment chlorophyll (absoros light) carbon dioxide + $H_2O$ $\rightarrow$ quicese + oxygen$

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Aerobic vs Anaerobic Respiration

The equation mirrors photosynthesis in reverse: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water. This process happens in the mitochondria and provides steady energy for daily activities.

Energy Efficiency: Aerobic respiration produces about 32 ATP molecules per glucose, whilst anaerobic only manages 2 - that's why you can't sprint indefinitely!

$Photosynthesis endothermic Chloroplasts <green pigment chlorophyll (absoros light) carbon dioxide + $H_2O$ $\rightarrow$ quicese + oxygen$

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Exercise and Oxygen Debt

Recovery Tip: That heavy breathing after a sprint isn't just you being unfit - it's your body working hard to clear lactic acid and restore normal conditions!