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Cell biology
Biological molecules
Organisation
Infection and response
Energy transfers (a2 only)
Homeostasis and response
Responding to change (a2 only)
The control of gene expression (a-level only)
Substance exchange
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Genetics & ecosystems (a2 only)
Ecology
Cells
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1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
Inter-war germany
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2j america: a nation divided, c1845-1877
The cold war
World war two & the holocaust
World war one
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
The fight for female suffrage
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
Britain: 1509 -1745
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14/04/2023
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Photosynthesis uses energy to Change carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. It takes place in Chloroplasts in Plant cells. The Chlorophyll absorbs the light. -> = = Light Cuticle Upper Epidermis Palisade Mesophyll Spongy Mesophyll Lower Epidermis carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen 6CO, + 6HO → CHO * 60 LUMPONDA H co₂ ↑↓0₂ Stoma Guard Cells - Vascular Bundle Leaf adaptations: UPPer epidermis - transparent to allow light to pass through the Palisade cells. Palisade cells contain lots OF Chloroplast. veins-Xylem transports water to the leaf and Phloem transports glucose away. Air Spaces allow co₂ to get to Palisade cells and O₂ to leave Via Stomata. - - guard cells-Open and close the stomata to allow gas exchange but reduce transpiration (water loss). I Leaves are well adapted for Photosynthesis as they are green (so contain Chlorophyll). broad Cincrease SA For absorbing light) and flat (Short distance for the diffUSION OF gases. - Uses of glucose: For respiration transfers energy from glucose. Making cellulose - glucose is converted to cellulose for making Strong Plant cell walls. Making amino acids - glucose is combined with nitrate ions to make amino acids. Stored as Oils or fats - glucose is turned into starch ready for use when Photosynthesis isn't happening. Starch is insoluble Which makes it better for storage. A cell With lots of SLUCOSE WOULd draw in loads of water and swell UP. Limiting factors of Photosynthesis: Light Light Provides the energy needed for Photosynthesis....
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As light increases, the rate OF Photosynthesis increases steadily until a certain point. After that point, the temperature or co.level will be the limiting factor. carbon dioxide the amount of CO₂ Will only increase the rate of Photosynthesis UP to a certain point. Temperature at low temperatures, enzyme activity is slowed down due to less Kinetic energy between the enzymes and substrates. But if the plant gets t00 hot. the enzymes Will be denatured. Testing a leaf for Starch: 1. Boiled in water to denture Plant enzymes so no further reactions take place. 2. Boiled in ethanol to remove Chlorophyll so you can see the Colour Change with the iOdine. Test With iodine, Positive result = blue/black colour. Negative result = yellow/brown COLOUR. Making the most Of Photosynthesis: Greenhouses increases the temperature and keeps it relatively constant so this increases the rate of Photosynthesis by providing the optimum temperature for the enzymes involved. Uses artificial lighting to increase light intensity. Grows Plants Which Would not normally grow in outside conditions in the UK e.g. oranges and lemons. clean. UNSPOilt CrOPS Cless insect damage). POLY+unnels- Large greenhouses made of plastic. Cheaper to build and replace than traditional greenhouses. Hydroponics-Plants grow in water With Specific mineral ions rather than in soil. conditions are controlled through computer technology (expensive and fewer Staff needed So LOSS OF Jobs). Crops are clean and soil free. No Preperation of land e.g. PLOUShing. Faster Production due to the points listed above so quicker turnover and high Profits.