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Higher Biology Gene Expression & Protein Synthesis Notes with Diagrams

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sarah

11/01/2023

Biology

Gene Expression - Higher Biology

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Genetic information & variation

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Dna and protein synthesis

Higher Biology Gene Expression & Protein Synthesis Notes with Diagrams

Gene expression is a fundamental process in biology involving transcription and translation to synthesize proteins from DNA. This summary covers the key steps, RNA types, and important concepts in protein synthesis.

Bold keywords: Higher biology gene expression notes, Protein synthesis higher Biology, Transcription and translation steps, RNA splicing, mRNA splicing

  • Protein synthesis occurs in two main stages: transcription and translation
  • Three types of RNA are involved: mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA
  • Transcription produces a primary mRNA transcript, which undergoes splicing
  • Translation uses the mature mRNA to synthesize proteins on ribosomes
...

11/01/2023

289

Gene Expression Protein Synthesis is in 2 stages: Transcription. The synthesis of mRNA from a section of DNA, 7 Translation - The synthesis

View

Transcription Process

The transcription and translation steps begin with the synthesis of mRNA. This process occurs in the nucleus and involves several key steps:

  1. RNA polymerase moves along the DNA, unwinding the double helix and breaking hydrogen bonds between bases.
  2. Free RNA nucleotides are added to the growing mRNA strand through complementary base pairing.
  3. The mRNA strand continues to grow from the 5' end to the 3' end until a specific sequence called a stop codon is reached.

Vocabulary: The primary transcript of mRNA is the initial RNA molecule produced during transcription, before any modifications.

The resulting mRNA strand, known as the primary transcript, separates from the DNA template. This primary transcript will undergo further processing before it can be used for protein synthesis.

Highlight: The direction of mRNA synthesis 5′to3′5' to 3' is important for understanding the subsequent steps in protein synthesis higher Biology.

Gene Expression Protein Synthesis is in 2 stages: Transcription. The synthesis of mRNA from a section of DNA, 7 Translation - The synthesis

View

RNA Processing and Splicing

After transcription, the primary mRNA transcript undergoes processing to form the mature mRNA transcript. This process is crucial in Higher biology gene expression and involves:

  1. Identification of codons: Each triplet of bases on the mRNA molecule is called a codon and codes for a specific amino acid.
  2. Removal of introns and splicing of exons: Introns are non-coding regions of the primary mRNA transcript and are removed. Exons are coding regions that are spliced joinedtogetherjoined together to form the mature mRNA transcript.

Definition: RNA splicing is the process of removing introns and joining exons to form a mature mRNA transcript.

Highlight: The order of exons remains unchanged during splicing, ensuring the correct sequence for protein synthesis.

An important concept in gene expression is alternative splicing:

Example: The same gene can produce different proteins by treating different regions as introns and exons. This means a single primary mRNA transcript has the potential to produce several mature mRNA transcripts depending on which exons are retained.

This process of mRNA splicing and alternative splicing allows for greater protein diversity from a limited number of genes, highlighting the complexity of gene expression in higher organisms.

Gene Expression Protein Synthesis is in 2 stages: Transcription. The synthesis of mRNA from a section of DNA, 7 Translation - The synthesis

View

Translation Process

Translation is the second major stage in protein synthesis higher Biology. It occurs in the cytoplasm and involves the following steps:

  1. The mature mRNA transcript attaches to a ribosome in the cytoplasm.
  2. The start codon initiates protein synthesis.
  3. Complementary tRNA anticodons attach to the mRNA strand, bringing specific amino acids to form the protein molecule.
  4. Peptide bonds join the amino acid molecules. Each tRNA molecule leaves the ribosome once its amino acid is attached.
  5. A stop codon ends protein synthesis.

Vocabulary: Anticodons are sequences on tRNA molecules that are complementary to codons on mRNA.

Highlight: The ribosome plays a crucial role in translation by providing the site for mRNA and tRNA interaction and facilitating peptide bond formation.

This process of translation results in the synthesis of a specific protein based on the genetic information originally encoded in the DNA and transcribed into mRNA. Understanding these transcription and translation steps is fundamental to comprehending gene expression and protein synthesis in Higher Biology.

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Genetic information & variation

Dna and protein synthesis

 

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Higher Biology Gene Expression & Protein Synthesis Notes with Diagrams

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sarah

@sarah______

Gene expression is a fundamental process in biology involving transcription and translation to synthesize proteins from DNA. This summary covers the key steps, RNA types, and important concepts in protein synthesis.

Bold keywords: Higher biology gene expression notes, ... Show more

Gene Expression Protein Synthesis is in 2 stages: Transcription. The synthesis of mRNA from a section of DNA, 7 Translation - The synthesis

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Transcription Process

The transcription and translation steps begin with the synthesis of mRNA. This process occurs in the nucleus and involves several key steps:

  1. RNA polymerase moves along the DNA, unwinding the double helix and breaking hydrogen bonds between bases.
  2. Free RNA nucleotides are added to the growing mRNA strand through complementary base pairing.
  3. The mRNA strand continues to grow from the 5' end to the 3' end until a specific sequence called a stop codon is reached.

Vocabulary: The primary transcript of mRNA is the initial RNA molecule produced during transcription, before any modifications.

The resulting mRNA strand, known as the primary transcript, separates from the DNA template. This primary transcript will undergo further processing before it can be used for protein synthesis.

Highlight: The direction of mRNA synthesis 5′to3′5' to 3' is important for understanding the subsequent steps in protein synthesis higher Biology.

Gene Expression Protein Synthesis is in 2 stages: Transcription. The synthesis of mRNA from a section of DNA, 7 Translation - The synthesis

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RNA Processing and Splicing

After transcription, the primary mRNA transcript undergoes processing to form the mature mRNA transcript. This process is crucial in Higher biology gene expression and involves:

  1. Identification of codons: Each triplet of bases on the mRNA molecule is called a codon and codes for a specific amino acid.
  2. Removal of introns and splicing of exons: Introns are non-coding regions of the primary mRNA transcript and are removed. Exons are coding regions that are spliced joinedtogetherjoined together to form the mature mRNA transcript.

Definition: RNA splicing is the process of removing introns and joining exons to form a mature mRNA transcript.

Highlight: The order of exons remains unchanged during splicing, ensuring the correct sequence for protein synthesis.

An important concept in gene expression is alternative splicing:

Example: The same gene can produce different proteins by treating different regions as introns and exons. This means a single primary mRNA transcript has the potential to produce several mature mRNA transcripts depending on which exons are retained.

This process of mRNA splicing and alternative splicing allows for greater protein diversity from a limited number of genes, highlighting the complexity of gene expression in higher organisms.

Gene Expression Protein Synthesis is in 2 stages: Transcription. The synthesis of mRNA from a section of DNA, 7 Translation - The synthesis

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Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Translation Process

Translation is the second major stage in protein synthesis higher Biology. It occurs in the cytoplasm and involves the following steps:

  1. The mature mRNA transcript attaches to a ribosome in the cytoplasm.
  2. The start codon initiates protein synthesis.
  3. Complementary tRNA anticodons attach to the mRNA strand, bringing specific amino acids to form the protein molecule.
  4. Peptide bonds join the amino acid molecules. Each tRNA molecule leaves the ribosome once its amino acid is attached.
  5. A stop codon ends protein synthesis.

Vocabulary: Anticodons are sequences on tRNA molecules that are complementary to codons on mRNA.

Highlight: The ribosome plays a crucial role in translation by providing the site for mRNA and tRNA interaction and facilitating peptide bond formation.

This process of translation results in the synthesis of a specific protein based on the genetic information originally encoded in the DNA and transcribed into mRNA. Understanding these transcription and translation steps is fundamental to comprehending gene expression and protein synthesis in Higher Biology.

Gene Expression Protein Synthesis is in 2 stages: Transcription. The synthesis of mRNA from a section of DNA, 7 Translation - The synthesis

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Improve your grades

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Transcription and RNA Structure

Transcription is the first stage of protein synthesis higher Biology, where mRNA is synthesized from a DNA template. This process involves RNA polymerase and occurs in the nucleus.

Definition: Transcription is the synthesis of mRNA from a section of DNA.

The structure of RNA differs from DNA in several key ways:

  • RNA is single-stranded, while DNA is double-stranded
  • RNA contains ribose sugar, whereas DNA has deoxyribose
  • RNA uses uracil instead of thymine as one of its bases

There are three types of RNA involved in gene expression:

  1. Messenger RNA mRNAmRNA: Carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes
  2. Transfer RNA tRNAtRNA: Transports specific amino acids to ribosomes
  3. Ribosomal RNA rRNArRNA: Forms part of the ribosome structure

Highlight: Understanding the differences between DNA and RNA structure is crucial for comprehending the transcription and translation steps.

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Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

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Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

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