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Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
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1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
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Biology
30 Nov 2025
294
4 pages
sarah @sarah______
Gene expression is a fundamental process in biology involving transcription and translation to synthesize proteins from DNA. This... Show more
The transcription and translation steps begin with the synthesis of mRNA. This process occurs in the nucleus and involves several key steps
Vocabulary The primary transcript of mRNA is the initial RNA molecule produced during transcription, before any modifications.
The resulting mRNA strand, known as the primary transcript, separates from the DNA template. This primary transcript will undergo further processing before it can be used for protein synthesis.
Highlight The direction of mRNA synthesis (5' to 3') is important for understanding the subsequent steps in protein synthesis higher Biology.
After transcription, the primary mRNA transcript undergoes processing to form the mature mRNA transcript. This process is crucial in Higher biology gene expression and involves
Identification of codons Each triplet of bases on the mRNA molecule is called a codon and codes for a specific amino acid.
Removal of introns and splicing of exons
Definition RNA splicing is the process of removing introns and joining exons to form a mature mRNA transcript.
Highlight The order of exons remains unchanged during splicing, ensuring the correct sequence for protein synthesis.
An important concept in gene expression is alternative splicing
Example The same gene can produce different proteins by treating different regions as introns and exons. This means a single primary mRNA transcript has the potential to produce several mature mRNA transcripts depending on which exons are retained.
This process of mRNA splicing and alternative splicing allows for greater protein diversity from a limited number of genes, highlighting the complexity of gene expression in higher organisms.
Translation is the second major stage in protein synthesis higher Biology. It occurs in the cytoplasm and involves the following steps
Vocabulary Anticodons are sequences on tRNA molecules that are complementary to codons on mRNA.
Highlight The ribosome plays a crucial role in translation by providing the site for mRNA and tRNA interaction and facilitating peptide bond formation.
This process of translation results in the synthesis of a specific protein based on the genetic information originally encoded in the DNA and transcribed into mRNA. Understanding these transcription and translation steps is fundamental to comprehending gene expression and protein synthesis in Higher Biology.
Transcription is the first stage of protein synthesis higher Biology, where mRNA is synthesized from a DNA template. This process involves RNA polymerase and occurs in the nucleus.
Definition Transcription is the synthesis of mRNA from a section of DNA.
The structure of RNA differs from DNA in several key ways
There are three types of RNA involved in gene expression
Highlight Understanding the differences between DNA and RNA structure is crucial for comprehending the transcription and translation steps.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
16
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Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the essential functions of nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA structures, nucleotide composition, ATP's role in energy transfer, and the semi-conservative replication process. This summary also covers the Meselson-Stahl experiment and the genetic code, making it a vital resource for AS Level Biology students.
BiologyExplore the intricate mechanisms of gene regulation, including operons, transcription factors, and mutations. This summary covers key concepts such as the lac operon, transcriptional control, and post-transcriptional modifications, essential for understanding cellular control in biology. Ideal for OCR A Level Biology students.
BiologyExplore the intricate process of protein synthesis, detailing how DNA is transcribed into mRNA and subsequently translated into proteins. This summary covers key concepts such as transcription, translation, the roles of mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes, and the formation of peptide bonds. Ideal for students studying molecular biology.
BiologyExplore key concepts in cell biology, including cancer mechanisms, mitosis and meiosis processes, and the role of stem cells in differentiation. This summary provides insights into somatic and germline cells, cellular differentiation, and the ethical considerations surrounding embryonic stem cell research. Ideal for students studying higher human biology.
BiologyExplore the essential processes of protein synthesis, including transcription and translation. This study note covers the roles of mRNA, tRNA, exons, and introns, detailing how genes are expressed to form proteins. Understand the significance of start and stop codons, RNA splicing, and the formation of peptide bonds. Ideal for higher biology students studying gene expression and regulation.
BiologyExplore the intricate structure and lifecycle of viruses in this detailed mindmap. Understand key concepts such as viral replication, infection stages, and the role of genetic material. Ideal for AQA A-level Biology students seeking to grasp the fundamentals of virology.
BiologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
sarah
@sarah______
Gene expression is a fundamental process in biology involving transcription and translation to synthesize proteins from DNA. This summary covers the key steps, RNA types, and important concepts in protein synthesis.
Bold keywords: Higher biology gene expression notes, ... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The transcription and translation steps begin with the synthesis of mRNA. This process occurs in the nucleus and involves several key steps:
Vocabulary: The primary transcript of mRNA is the initial RNA molecule produced during transcription, before any modifications.
The resulting mRNA strand, known as the primary transcript, separates from the DNA template. This primary transcript will undergo further processing before it can be used for protein synthesis.
Highlight: The direction of mRNA synthesis (5' to 3') is important for understanding the subsequent steps in protein synthesis higher Biology.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
After transcription, the primary mRNA transcript undergoes processing to form the mature mRNA transcript. This process is crucial in Higher biology gene expression and involves:
Identification of codons: Each triplet of bases on the mRNA molecule is called a codon and codes for a specific amino acid.
Removal of introns and splicing of exons:
Definition: RNA splicing is the process of removing introns and joining exons to form a mature mRNA transcript.
Highlight: The order of exons remains unchanged during splicing, ensuring the correct sequence for protein synthesis.
An important concept in gene expression is alternative splicing:
Example: The same gene can produce different proteins by treating different regions as introns and exons. This means a single primary mRNA transcript has the potential to produce several mature mRNA transcripts depending on which exons are retained.
This process of mRNA splicing and alternative splicing allows for greater protein diversity from a limited number of genes, highlighting the complexity of gene expression in higher organisms.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Translation is the second major stage in protein synthesis higher Biology. It occurs in the cytoplasm and involves the following steps:
Vocabulary: Anticodons are sequences on tRNA molecules that are complementary to codons on mRNA.
Highlight: The ribosome plays a crucial role in translation by providing the site for mRNA and tRNA interaction and facilitating peptide bond formation.
This process of translation results in the synthesis of a specific protein based on the genetic information originally encoded in the DNA and transcribed into mRNA. Understanding these transcription and translation steps is fundamental to comprehending gene expression and protein synthesis in Higher Biology.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Transcription is the first stage of protein synthesis higher Biology, where mRNA is synthesized from a DNA template. This process involves RNA polymerase and occurs in the nucleus.
Definition: Transcription is the synthesis of mRNA from a section of DNA.
The structure of RNA differs from DNA in several key ways:
There are three types of RNA involved in gene expression:
Highlight: Understanding the differences between DNA and RNA structure is crucial for comprehending the transcription and translation steps.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
16
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the essential functions of nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA structures, nucleotide composition, ATP's role in energy transfer, and the semi-conservative replication process. This summary also covers the Meselson-Stahl experiment and the genetic code, making it a vital resource for AS Level Biology students.
BiologyExplore the intricate mechanisms of gene regulation, including operons, transcription factors, and mutations. This summary covers key concepts such as the lac operon, transcriptional control, and post-transcriptional modifications, essential for understanding cellular control in biology. Ideal for OCR A Level Biology students.
BiologyExplore the intricate process of protein synthesis, detailing how DNA is transcribed into mRNA and subsequently translated into proteins. This summary covers key concepts such as transcription, translation, the roles of mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes, and the formation of peptide bonds. Ideal for students studying molecular biology.
BiologyExplore key concepts in cell biology, including cancer mechanisms, mitosis and meiosis processes, and the role of stem cells in differentiation. This summary provides insights into somatic and germline cells, cellular differentiation, and the ethical considerations surrounding embryonic stem cell research. Ideal for students studying higher human biology.
BiologyExplore the essential processes of protein synthesis, including transcription and translation. This study note covers the roles of mRNA, tRNA, exons, and introns, detailing how genes are expressed to form proteins. Understand the significance of start and stop codons, RNA splicing, and the formation of peptide bonds. Ideal for higher biology students studying gene expression and regulation.
BiologyExplore the intricate structure and lifecycle of viruses in this detailed mindmap. Understand key concepts such as viral replication, infection stages, and the role of genetic material. Ideal for AQA A-level Biology students seeking to grasp the fundamentals of virology.
BiologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology