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3 Jun 2023
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Fun Guide to Stages of Respiration and Krebs Cycle for Kids
Maya
@maya555
Link Reaction
The link reaction connects glycolysis to the Krebs cycle and occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. This stage is crucial for preparing the products of glycolysis for further energy extraction.
Definition: The link reaction is the process that converts pyruvate from glycolysis into acetyl coenzyme A, which can then enter the Krebs cycle.
Key points of the link reaction:
- Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
- Produces acetyl coenzyme A from pyruvate
- Removes one carbon atom from pyruvate as carbon dioxide
- Combines the remaining 2-carbon molecule with coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA
- Involves an oxidation reaction where NAD+ collects hydrogen ions, forming reduced NAD
- No ATP is produced in this reaction
Highlight: The link reaction occurs twice for every glucose molecule, as glycolysis produces two pyruvate molecules per glucose.
Products of the link reaction:
- 2 acetyl coenzyme A
- 2 carbon dioxide
- 2 reduced NAD
Krebs Cycle
The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. It plays a central role in cellular respiration and energy production.
Vocabulary: The Krebs cycle is named after Hans Krebs, who discovered this important metabolic pathway in 1937.
Key features of the Krebs cycle:
- Takes place in the mitochondrial matrix
- Acetyl coenzyme A donates a 2-carbon acetate to a 4-carbon molecule
- The resulting 6-carbon molecule undergoes a series of reactions
- The initial 4-carbon molecule is regenerated to accept another acetate
- The cycle turns twice per glucose molecule
Products of the Krebs cycle :
- 2 ATP molecules
- 6 reduced NAD molecules
- 2 reduced FAD molecules
- 4 CO₂ molecules
Example: In the Krebs cycle, the 6-carbon citrate molecule is gradually broken down and oxidized, releasing energy and carbon dioxide while regenerating the 4-carbon oxaloacetate to start the cycle again.
The Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain is the final stage of aerobic respiration and occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This process is crucial for generating the majority of ATP in cellular respiration.
Key points of the electron transport chain:
- Reduced NAD from the Krebs cycle binds and releases hydrogen atoms as protons and electrons
- Electrons are passed down a chain of protein complexes
- Protons are pumped into the intermembrane space, creating a proton gradient
- Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor, combining with protons to form water
Definition: Chemiosmosis is the process by which ATP is synthesized using the energy from the proton gradient created by the electron transport chain.
The process of ATP production in the ETC:
- Reduced NAD and FAD release hydrogen atoms as protons and electrons
- Electrons pass through the electron transport chain
- Protons are pumped into the intermembrane space
- A proton gradient is created
- Protons move back through ATP synthase, driving ATP production
Highlight: The electron transport chain is the most efficient stage of cellular respiration, producing the majority of ATP molecules.
Example: For each hydrogen released by reduced NAD, four protons are pumped across the membrane, contributing to the proton gradient used in ATP synthesis.
The final step involves the formation of water:
- Electrons combine with protons to form hydrogen atoms
- Hydrogen atoms then combine with oxygen to form water
Vocabulary: ATP synthase is an enzyme that uses the energy from the proton gradient to synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
The electron transport chain demonstrates the efficiency of aerobic respiration in harnessing energy from glucose to produce ATP, the cell's primary energy currency.
Respiration Overview
Aerobic respiration is the process of breaking down respiratory substrates to release energy, with carbon dioxide as a waste product. This process is divided into four main stages:
- Glycolysis - occurs in the cytoplasm
- Link reaction - takes place in the mitochondrial matrix
- Krebs cycle - happens in the mitochondrial matrix
- Electron transport chain - occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane
Definition: Aerobic respiration is the process of breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce energy, carbon dioxide, and water.
The overall equation for aerobic respiration is:
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O
Highlight: Anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen and is less efficient than aerobic respiration.
Respiration involves specific coenzymes:
- NAD and FAD: transfer electrons and hydrogen
- Coenzyme A: transfers acetate
Vocabulary: Coenzymes are non-protein organic molecules that assist enzymes in biochemical reactions.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the first stage of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, as it does not require oxygen. It occurs in the cell's cytoplasm and involves two main stages:
- Phosphorylation: Glucose is phosphorylated by adding two phosphates from two ATP molecules.
- Oxidation: Triose phosphate is oxidized, removing hydrogen and forming two reduced NAD+.
Example: During glycolysis, one glucose molecule is split into two pyruvate molecules, producing a net gain of two ATP molecules.
Products of glycolysis include:
- 2 reduced NAD
- 2 pyruvate
- 2 ATP
If oxygen is present, pyruvate enters the mitochondria for further oxidation in the link reaction.
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Stefan S
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This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
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Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
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Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Fun Guide to Stages of Respiration and Krebs Cycle for Kids
Maya
@maya555
Aerobic respiration is a complex process that occurs in cells to produce energy. It involves four main stages: glycolysis, link reaction, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain. These stages take place in different parts of the cell and involve various... Show more
Link Reaction
The link reaction connects glycolysis to the Krebs cycle and occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. This stage is crucial for preparing the products of glycolysis for further energy extraction.
Definition: The link reaction is the process that converts pyruvate from glycolysis into acetyl coenzyme A, which can then enter the Krebs cycle.
Key points of the link reaction:
- Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
- Produces acetyl coenzyme A from pyruvate
- Removes one carbon atom from pyruvate as carbon dioxide
- Combines the remaining 2-carbon molecule with coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA
- Involves an oxidation reaction where NAD+ collects hydrogen ions, forming reduced NAD
- No ATP is produced in this reaction
Highlight: The link reaction occurs twice for every glucose molecule, as glycolysis produces two pyruvate molecules per glucose.
Products of the link reaction:
- 2 acetyl coenzyme A
- 2 carbon dioxide
- 2 reduced NAD
Krebs Cycle
The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. It plays a central role in cellular respiration and energy production.
Vocabulary: The Krebs cycle is named after Hans Krebs, who discovered this important metabolic pathway in 1937.
Key features of the Krebs cycle:
- Takes place in the mitochondrial matrix
- Acetyl coenzyme A donates a 2-carbon acetate to a 4-carbon molecule
- The resulting 6-carbon molecule undergoes a series of reactions
- The initial 4-carbon molecule is regenerated to accept another acetate
- The cycle turns twice per glucose molecule
Products of the Krebs cycle :
- 2 ATP molecules
- 6 reduced NAD molecules
- 2 reduced FAD molecules
- 4 CO₂ molecules
Example: In the Krebs cycle, the 6-carbon citrate molecule is gradually broken down and oxidized, releasing energy and carbon dioxide while regenerating the 4-carbon oxaloacetate to start the cycle again.
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The Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain is the final stage of aerobic respiration and occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This process is crucial for generating the majority of ATP in cellular respiration.
Key points of the electron transport chain:
- Reduced NAD from the Krebs cycle binds and releases hydrogen atoms as protons and electrons
- Electrons are passed down a chain of protein complexes
- Protons are pumped into the intermembrane space, creating a proton gradient
- Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor, combining with protons to form water
Definition: Chemiosmosis is the process by which ATP is synthesized using the energy from the proton gradient created by the electron transport chain.
The process of ATP production in the ETC:
- Reduced NAD and FAD release hydrogen atoms as protons and electrons
- Electrons pass through the electron transport chain
- Protons are pumped into the intermembrane space
- A proton gradient is created
- Protons move back through ATP synthase, driving ATP production
Highlight: The electron transport chain is the most efficient stage of cellular respiration, producing the majority of ATP molecules.
Example: For each hydrogen released by reduced NAD, four protons are pumped across the membrane, contributing to the proton gradient used in ATP synthesis.
The final step involves the formation of water:
- Electrons combine with protons to form hydrogen atoms
- Hydrogen atoms then combine with oxygen to form water
Vocabulary: ATP synthase is an enzyme that uses the energy from the proton gradient to synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
The electron transport chain demonstrates the efficiency of aerobic respiration in harnessing energy from glucose to produce ATP, the cell's primary energy currency.
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Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Respiration Overview
Aerobic respiration is the process of breaking down respiratory substrates to release energy, with carbon dioxide as a waste product. This process is divided into four main stages:
- Glycolysis - occurs in the cytoplasm
- Link reaction - takes place in the mitochondrial matrix
- Krebs cycle - happens in the mitochondrial matrix
- Electron transport chain - occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane
Definition: Aerobic respiration is the process of breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce energy, carbon dioxide, and water.
The overall equation for aerobic respiration is:
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O
Highlight: Anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen and is less efficient than aerobic respiration.
Respiration involves specific coenzymes:
- NAD and FAD: transfer electrons and hydrogen
- Coenzyme A: transfers acetate
Vocabulary: Coenzymes are non-protein organic molecules that assist enzymes in biochemical reactions.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the first stage of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, as it does not require oxygen. It occurs in the cell's cytoplasm and involves two main stages:
- Phosphorylation: Glucose is phosphorylated by adding two phosphates from two ATP molecules.
- Oxidation: Triose phosphate is oxidized, removing hydrogen and forming two reduced NAD+.
Example: During glycolysis, one glucose molecule is split into two pyruvate molecules, producing a net gain of two ATP molecules.
Products of glycolysis include:
- 2 reduced NAD
- 2 pyruvate
- 2 ATP
If oxygen is present, pyruvate enters the mitochondria for further oxidation in the link reaction.
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user