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Maya
03/06/2023
Biology
AQA Biology topic 3.5.2 - respiration
Aerobic respiration is a complex process that occurs in cells to produce energy. It involves four main stages: glycolysis, link reaction, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain. These stages take place in different parts of the cell and involve various enzymes and molecules. The process efficiently breaks down glucose to produce ATP, carbon dioxide, and water.
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The link reaction connects glycolysis to the Krebs cycle and occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. This stage is crucial for preparing the products of glycolysis for further energy extraction.
Definition: The link reaction is the process that converts pyruvate from glycolysis into acetyl coenzyme A, which can then enter the Krebs cycle.
Key points of the link reaction:
Highlight: The link reaction occurs twice for every glucose molecule, as glycolysis produces two pyruvate molecules per glucose.
Products of the link reaction:
The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. It plays a central role in cellular respiration and energy production.
Vocabulary: The Krebs cycle is named after Hans Krebs, who discovered this important metabolic pathway in 1937.
Key features of the Krebs cycle:
Products of the Krebs cycle :
Example: In the Krebs cycle, the 6-carbon citrate molecule is gradually broken down and oxidized, releasing energy and carbon dioxide while regenerating the 4-carbon oxaloacetate to start the cycle again.
The electron transport chain is the final stage of aerobic respiration and occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This process is crucial for generating the majority of ATP in cellular respiration.
Key points of the electron transport chain:
Definition: Chemiosmosis is the process by which ATP is synthesized using the energy from the proton gradient created by the electron transport chain.
The process of ATP production in the ETC:
Highlight: The electron transport chain is the most efficient stage of cellular respiration, producing the majority of ATP molecules.
Example: For each hydrogen released by reduced NAD, four protons are pumped across the membrane, contributing to the proton gradient used in ATP synthesis.
The final step involves the formation of water:
Vocabulary: ATP synthase is an enzyme that uses the energy from the proton gradient to synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
The electron transport chain demonstrates the efficiency of aerobic respiration in harnessing energy from glucose to produce ATP, the cell's primary energy currency.
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Aerobic respiration is a complex process that occurs in cells to produce energy. It involves four main stages: glycolysis, link reaction, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain. These stages take place in different parts of the cell and involve various... Show more
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The link reaction connects glycolysis to the Krebs cycle and occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. This stage is crucial for preparing the products of glycolysis for further energy extraction.
Definition: The link reaction is the process that converts pyruvate from glycolysis into acetyl coenzyme A, which can then enter the Krebs cycle.
Key points of the link reaction:
Highlight: The link reaction occurs twice for every glucose molecule, as glycolysis produces two pyruvate molecules per glucose.
Products of the link reaction:
The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. It plays a central role in cellular respiration and energy production.
Vocabulary: The Krebs cycle is named after Hans Krebs, who discovered this important metabolic pathway in 1937.
Key features of the Krebs cycle:
Products of the Krebs cycle :
Example: In the Krebs cycle, the 6-carbon citrate molecule is gradually broken down and oxidized, releasing energy and carbon dioxide while regenerating the 4-carbon oxaloacetate to start the cycle again.
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The electron transport chain is the final stage of aerobic respiration and occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This process is crucial for generating the majority of ATP in cellular respiration.
Key points of the electron transport chain:
Definition: Chemiosmosis is the process by which ATP is synthesized using the energy from the proton gradient created by the electron transport chain.
The process of ATP production in the ETC:
Highlight: The electron transport chain is the most efficient stage of cellular respiration, producing the majority of ATP molecules.
Example: For each hydrogen released by reduced NAD, four protons are pumped across the membrane, contributing to the proton gradient used in ATP synthesis.
The final step involves the formation of water:
Vocabulary: ATP synthase is an enzyme that uses the energy from the proton gradient to synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
The electron transport chain demonstrates the efficiency of aerobic respiration in harnessing energy from glucose to produce ATP, the cell's primary energy currency.
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Aerobic respiration is the process of breaking down respiratory substrates to release energy, with carbon dioxide as a waste product. This process is divided into four main stages:
Definition: Aerobic respiration is the process of breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce energy, carbon dioxide, and water.
The overall equation for aerobic respiration is:
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O
Highlight: Anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen and is less efficient than aerobic respiration.
Respiration involves specific coenzymes:
Vocabulary: Coenzymes are non-protein organic molecules that assist enzymes in biochemical reactions.
Glycolysis is the first stage of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, as it does not require oxygen. It occurs in the cell's cytoplasm and involves two main stages:
Example: During glycolysis, one glucose molecule is split into two pyruvate molecules, producing a net gain of two ATP molecules.
Products of glycolysis include:
If oxygen is present, pyruvate enters the mitochondria for further oxidation in the link reaction.
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This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
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Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
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Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
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This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
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very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
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I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
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