Your body runs on biological clocks that control when you... Show more
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0
Zed
08/12/2025
Psychology
Biopsychology
143
•
8 Dec 2025
•
Understanding Biopsychology: Biological Rhythms and Sleep-Wake Cycles
Zed
@zknowunity
Endogenous Pacemakers and Exogenous Zeitgebers
Ever wondered why you naturally feel tired at night even without checking the time? That's your suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) at work - a tiny cluster of nerve cells in your brain that acts as your master biological clock. The SCN detects light even through closed eyelids and tells your pineal gland when to release melatonin, the hormone that makes you sleepy.
Endogenous pacemakers are your internal body clocks, whilst exogenous zeitgebers are external cues like light, temperature, and social activities that help reset these clocks. When researchers destroyed chipmunks' SCN connections, the animals lost their sleep patterns completely and many were killed by predators - showing just how crucial these internal clocks are for survival.
The power of external cues is remarkable too. Campbell and Scott managed to shift people's sleep cycles just by shining light on the backs of their knees! Social cues matter as well - babies develop proper sleep patterns around 16 weeks when parents establish regular meal and bedtimes.
Key Insight: Your sleep cycle results from internal clocks working with external cues - neither works perfectly alone.
Studies where people lived without natural light (like Siffre's famous cave experiment) show our internal clocks naturally run slightly longer than 24 hours - usually 25-30 hours. However, a blind man studied by Miles still struggled to maintain normal sleep patterns despite social cues, proving the system is more complex than originally thought.
Research into Biological Rhythms
Your body operates on three main types of biological rhythms, each controlling different aspects of your daily life. Circadian rhythms follow a 24-hour cycle and control obvious things like sleep, but also subtle changes like body temperature fluctuations throughout the day.
Infradian rhythms last longer than 24 hours - the most studied example being Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). This winter depression affects millions when reduced daylight prevents the pineal gland from switching off melatonin production properly. Terman's research with 124 SAD sufferers found that 60% improved with morning light therapy, compared to just 5% in the placebo group.
Ultradian rhythms occur multiple times within 24 hours, with sleep cycles being the most fascinating example. Each 90-minute sleep cycle contains five distinct stages, from light drowsiness through deep sleep to REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep where most vivid dreaming occurs.
Memory Tip: Think "Ultra-short, Circa-daily, In-frequently" to remember the three rhythm types.
Dement and Kleitman's groundbreaking research revealed that people remember dreams 80-90% of the time when woken during REM sleep, but only 7% when woken from other stages. They even sprayed water on sleeping participants and found these people were more likely to dream about water - proving external stimuli can influence dream content.
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Is Knowunity really free of charge?
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Most popular content: Circadian Rhythm
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English Literature10
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4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Understanding Biopsychology: Biological Rhythms and Sleep-Wake Cycles
Zed
@zknowunity
Your body runs on biological clocks that control when you sleep, wake up, and even how your mood changes with the seasons. Understanding how these internal rhythms work - and what can mess them up - explains everything from jet... Show more
Endogenous Pacemakers and Exogenous Zeitgebers
Ever wondered why you naturally feel tired at night even without checking the time? That's your suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) at work - a tiny cluster of nerve cells in your brain that acts as your master biological clock. The SCN detects light even through closed eyelids and tells your pineal gland when to release melatonin, the hormone that makes you sleepy.
Endogenous pacemakers are your internal body clocks, whilst exogenous zeitgebers are external cues like light, temperature, and social activities that help reset these clocks. When researchers destroyed chipmunks' SCN connections, the animals lost their sleep patterns completely and many were killed by predators - showing just how crucial these internal clocks are for survival.
The power of external cues is remarkable too. Campbell and Scott managed to shift people's sleep cycles just by shining light on the backs of their knees! Social cues matter as well - babies develop proper sleep patterns around 16 weeks when parents establish regular meal and bedtimes.
Key Insight: Your sleep cycle results from internal clocks working with external cues - neither works perfectly alone.
Studies where people lived without natural light (like Siffre's famous cave experiment) show our internal clocks naturally run slightly longer than 24 hours - usually 25-30 hours. However, a blind man studied by Miles still struggled to maintain normal sleep patterns despite social cues, proving the system is more complex than originally thought.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Research into Biological Rhythms
Your body operates on three main types of biological rhythms, each controlling different aspects of your daily life. Circadian rhythms follow a 24-hour cycle and control obvious things like sleep, but also subtle changes like body temperature fluctuations throughout the day.
Infradian rhythms last longer than 24 hours - the most studied example being Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). This winter depression affects millions when reduced daylight prevents the pineal gland from switching off melatonin production properly. Terman's research with 124 SAD sufferers found that 60% improved with morning light therapy, compared to just 5% in the placebo group.
Ultradian rhythms occur multiple times within 24 hours, with sleep cycles being the most fascinating example. Each 90-minute sleep cycle contains five distinct stages, from light drowsiness through deep sleep to REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep where most vivid dreaming occurs.
Memory Tip: Think "Ultra-short, Circa-daily, In-frequently" to remember the three rhythm types.
Dement and Kleitman's groundbreaking research revealed that people remember dreams 80-90% of the time when woken during REM sleep, but only 7% when woken from other stages. They even sprayed water on sleeping participants and found these people were more likely to dream about water - proving external stimuli can influence dream content.
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Most popular content: Circadian Rhythm
Most popular content in Psychology
Most popular content
English - inspector calls quotes and analysis
Quotes from every main character
English Literature10
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user