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Criminal Court Structure and Offence Classification
The criminal justice system divides crimes into three clear categories based on seriousness. Summary offences like shoplifting or speeding are the least serious and go straight to magistrates' courts. Either-way offences such as actual bodily harm (ABH) and theft sit in the middle - these can be heard in either magistrates' or crown courts depending on circumstances.
Indictable offences are the most serious crimes including murder, rape, and major fraud cases. These always go to crown court with a jury because they carry the heaviest sentences.
The magistrates' court handles about 95% of all criminal cases in England and Wales. Key personnel include magistrates themselves, district judges who sit alone, legally qualified court clerks, and ushers who maintain order. Beyond hearing cases, magistrates can grant bail and issue various licences.
Quick Tip: Remember the hierarchy - summary (magistrates only), either-way (magistrates or crown), indictable (crown court only).
Appeals from Lower Courts
When defendants feel justice hasn't been served, the appeals system provides multiple routes for challenge. From magistrates' courts, defendants can appeal to crown court against both conviction and sentence - even if they originally pleaded guilty to challenge their punishment.
Case stated appeals to the Administrative Court (Queen's Bench Division) handle points of law where magistrates may have applied legislation incorrectly. These appeals focus purely on legal interpretation, not facts.
The crown court deals with either-way and indictable offences, featuring district or circuit judges who advise juries on legal matters. Juries determine guilt or innocence whilst judges handle sentencing and legal guidance.
Appeals from crown court require leave to appeal (permission) and must show the conviction is unsafe. The appeal may be dismissed if the original conviction and sentence were legally sound. In extreme cases involving points of law of public interest, defendants can appeal all the way to the Supreme Court.
Key Point: Appeals focus on legal errors, not disagreeing with the verdict - there must be grounds showing the process was flawed.
Prosecution Appeals and Special Circumstances
Unlike defendants, the prosecution has limited appeal rights in crown court cases. They can challenge acquittals in specific circumstances, particularly cases involving jury nobbling where jurors have been threatened or improperly influenced by associates of the defendant.
Double jeopardy rules traditionally prevented retrying acquitted defendants, but new and compelling evidence can now justify fresh proceedings. This ensures genuinely guilty parties don't escape justice due to later-discovered crucial evidence.
Under Section 36 of the Criminal Justice Act 1972, prosecutors can ask appellate courts to clarify legal points even after cases conclude. This helps establish precedents for future similar cases without affecting the original defendant's outcome.
The Attorney General can refer unduly lenient sentences under Section 36 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988. If crown court sentences seem inappropriately light for serious crimes, prosecution can seek increases through the Court of Appeal.
Remember: Prosecution appeals are much more restricted than defence appeals - they focus on legal clarification and exceptionally lenient sentences rather than disagreeing with acquittals.
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This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
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In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
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very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
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I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
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THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Understanding Criminal Courts
Ever wonder how crimes move through the UK court system? Understanding criminal courts is essential for A-level Law students, covering everything from where different crimes are tried to how appeals work when things go wrong.
Criminal Court Structure and Offence Classification
The criminal justice system divides crimes into three clear categories based on seriousness. Summary offences like shoplifting or speeding are the least serious and go straight to magistrates' courts. Either-way offences such as actual bodily harm (ABH) and theft sit in the middle - these can be heard in either magistrates' or crown courts depending on circumstances.
Indictable offences are the most serious crimes including murder, rape, and major fraud cases. These always go to crown court with a jury because they carry the heaviest sentences.
The magistrates' court handles about 95% of all criminal cases in England and Wales. Key personnel include magistrates themselves, district judges who sit alone, legally qualified court clerks, and ushers who maintain order. Beyond hearing cases, magistrates can grant bail and issue various licences.
Quick Tip: Remember the hierarchy - summary (magistrates only), either-way (magistrates or crown), indictable (crown court only).
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Appeals from Lower Courts
When defendants feel justice hasn't been served, the appeals system provides multiple routes for challenge. From magistrates' courts, defendants can appeal to crown court against both conviction and sentence - even if they originally pleaded guilty to challenge their punishment.
Case stated appeals to the Administrative Court (Queen's Bench Division) handle points of law where magistrates may have applied legislation incorrectly. These appeals focus purely on legal interpretation, not facts.
The crown court deals with either-way and indictable offences, featuring district or circuit judges who advise juries on legal matters. Juries determine guilt or innocence whilst judges handle sentencing and legal guidance.
Appeals from crown court require leave to appeal (permission) and must show the conviction is unsafe. The appeal may be dismissed if the original conviction and sentence were legally sound. In extreme cases involving points of law of public interest, defendants can appeal all the way to the Supreme Court.
Key Point: Appeals focus on legal errors, not disagreeing with the verdict - there must be grounds showing the process was flawed.
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Prosecution Appeals and Special Circumstances
Unlike defendants, the prosecution has limited appeal rights in crown court cases. They can challenge acquittals in specific circumstances, particularly cases involving jury nobbling where jurors have been threatened or improperly influenced by associates of the defendant.
Double jeopardy rules traditionally prevented retrying acquitted defendants, but new and compelling evidence can now justify fresh proceedings. This ensures genuinely guilty parties don't escape justice due to later-discovered crucial evidence.
Under Section 36 of the Criminal Justice Act 1972, prosecutors can ask appellate courts to clarify legal points even after cases conclude. This helps establish precedents for future similar cases without affecting the original defendant's outcome.
The Attorney General can refer unduly lenient sentences under Section 36 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988. If crown court sentences seem inappropriately light for serious crimes, prosecution can seek increases through the Court of Appeal.
Remember: Prosecution appeals are much more restricted than defence appeals - they focus on legal clarification and exceptionally lenient sentences rather than disagreeing with acquittals.
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4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user