Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights gives... Show more
Law
Economics
English Literature
Sociology
BiologySign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
586
•
4 Feb 2026
•
Understanding Article 8: Your Right to Privacy and Family Life
Kandice
@swotwithkt
1 / 4
Article 8 Rights and Limitations
Article 8 protects four key areas of your life that the state shouldn't interfere with. These are your private life, family life, home, and correspondence - basically, your personal space and relationships.
The word 'respect' here means the state must actively avoid interfering with these rights. 'Everyone' includes both individuals and businesses, so companies get these protections too.
However, Article 8 is a qualified right, which means it can be restricted in certain circumstances. Public authorities can breach your Article 8 rights if it's in accordance with law and necessary in a democratic society. Valid reasons include national security, public safety, preventing crime, protecting health or morals, and protecting other people's rights.
The state has a margin of appreciation - they get some flexibility in how they balance your individual rights against the needs of society as a whole. There's often overlap with Article 10 (freedom of expression), creating tension between privacy and free speech.
Key Point: Private life covers your sex life, photos, personal data, psychological integrity, reputation, and gender identity - it's broader than you might think!
Private Life Protection in Practice
Private life extends beyond what you'd expect - the Niemietz case established it includes your work life too. Your conversations can be protected under both 'private life' and 'correspondence' if they're recorded during surveillance.
The Von Hannover cases show how courts balance privacy with public interest. In 2004, Germany breached Princess Caroline's Article 8 rights. By 2012, courts had learned to distinguish between genuine public interest (articles about her father's health) and pure intrusion (holiday photos).
English law protects privacy through two main routes. Breach of confidence is the older law, mainly for commercial secrets like the KFC recipe, requiring a pre-existing confidential relationship. The tort of misuse of private information is newer and doesn't need that initial relationship.
Courts must balance Article 8 and Article 10 rights equally - neither gets automatic priority. The key test is whether you had a reasonable expectation of privacy in the circumstances.
Remember: The law recognises that children under 18 need extra protection, and their privacy rights are often given more weight than adults'.
Defamation and Harassment Laws
Defamation law protects your reputation from false statements that make people think worse of you. Libel (permanent, like online posts) and slander (spoken words) both require proof that the statement is defamatory, identifies you, was published to someone else, and caused serious harm.
There are solid defences available: truth (complete defence), honest opinion (if it's genuinely your view based on known facts), and publication on matter of public interest (if there's reasonable belief the public needed to know).
The Protection from Harassment Act 1997 was originally for stalking but now covers religious/racial harassment and some protests. It creates both criminal offences and civil remedies (injunctions and damages).
Data protection laws control how your personal information is used by businesses, organisations and government. The Malicious Communications Act 1988 makes it criminal to send indecent, threatening or false messages with intent to cause distress.
Important: The Investigatory Powers Act 2016 gives the state extensive surveillance powers, but with a 'double lock' system requiring both ministerial and judicial approval.
Family Life, Home and Correspondence Rights
Family life protection means the state can't interfere with how you conduct family relationships. You have the right to regular contact with family members and to live with them where appropriate. Courts always prioritise children's interests over parents' when there's conflict.
Your home rights protect your peaceful enjoyment without state intervention. Public authorities generally can't enter without permission or stop you accessing your own home without good reason. However, this only applies to publicly-owned housing - private landlords aren't covered by Article 8 protections.
Correspondence includes all your communications - posts, emails, texts and phone calls. Secret surveillance can only happen when it's genuinely necessary to protect people and democratic institutions, though the state now has extensive legal powers under the Investigatory Powers Act.
The Klass case established that while surveillance can breach your privacy rights, it must be legally justified and proportionate. Your right to private communication isn't absolute, but there must be proper safeguards and oversight.
Key Insight: Article 8 creates both negative duties (state must not interfere) and positive duties (state must actively protect your rights through proper legislation and procedures).
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
Most popular content: Public Policy
Most popular content in Law
Most popular content
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.6/5
App Store
4.7/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Understanding Article 8: Your Right to Privacy and Family Life
Kandice
@swotwithkt
Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights gives you the fundamental right to respect for your private life, family life, home and correspondence. It's designed to stop the state interfering with your personal affairs, but it's not absolute... Show more
Article 8 Rights and Limitations
Article 8 protects four key areas of your life that the state shouldn't interfere with. These are your private life, family life, home, and correspondence - basically, your personal space and relationships.
The word 'respect' here means the state must actively avoid interfering with these rights. 'Everyone' includes both individuals and businesses, so companies get these protections too.
However, Article 8 is a qualified right, which means it can be restricted in certain circumstances. Public authorities can breach your Article 8 rights if it's in accordance with law and necessary in a democratic society. Valid reasons include national security, public safety, preventing crime, protecting health or morals, and protecting other people's rights.
The state has a margin of appreciation - they get some flexibility in how they balance your individual rights against the needs of society as a whole. There's often overlap with Article 10 (freedom of expression), creating tension between privacy and free speech.
Key Point: Private life covers your sex life, photos, personal data, psychological integrity, reputation, and gender identity - it's broader than you might think!
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Private Life Protection in Practice
Private life extends beyond what you'd expect - the Niemietz case established it includes your work life too. Your conversations can be protected under both 'private life' and 'correspondence' if they're recorded during surveillance.
The Von Hannover cases show how courts balance privacy with public interest. In 2004, Germany breached Princess Caroline's Article 8 rights. By 2012, courts had learned to distinguish between genuine public interest (articles about her father's health) and pure intrusion (holiday photos).
English law protects privacy through two main routes. Breach of confidence is the older law, mainly for commercial secrets like the KFC recipe, requiring a pre-existing confidential relationship. The tort of misuse of private information is newer and doesn't need that initial relationship.
Courts must balance Article 8 and Article 10 rights equally - neither gets automatic priority. The key test is whether you had a reasonable expectation of privacy in the circumstances.
Remember: The law recognises that children under 18 need extra protection, and their privacy rights are often given more weight than adults'.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Defamation and Harassment Laws
Defamation law protects your reputation from false statements that make people think worse of you. Libel (permanent, like online posts) and slander (spoken words) both require proof that the statement is defamatory, identifies you, was published to someone else, and caused serious harm.
There are solid defences available: truth (complete defence), honest opinion (if it's genuinely your view based on known facts), and publication on matter of public interest (if there's reasonable belief the public needed to know).
The Protection from Harassment Act 1997 was originally for stalking but now covers religious/racial harassment and some protests. It creates both criminal offences and civil remedies (injunctions and damages).
Data protection laws control how your personal information is used by businesses, organisations and government. The Malicious Communications Act 1988 makes it criminal to send indecent, threatening or false messages with intent to cause distress.
Important: The Investigatory Powers Act 2016 gives the state extensive surveillance powers, but with a 'double lock' system requiring both ministerial and judicial approval.
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Family Life, Home and Correspondence Rights
Family life protection means the state can't interfere with how you conduct family relationships. You have the right to regular contact with family members and to live with them where appropriate. Courts always prioritise children's interests over parents' when there's conflict.
Your home rights protect your peaceful enjoyment without state intervention. Public authorities generally can't enter without permission or stop you accessing your own home without good reason. However, this only applies to publicly-owned housing - private landlords aren't covered by Article 8 protections.
Correspondence includes all your communications - posts, emails, texts and phone calls. Secret surveillance can only happen when it's genuinely necessary to protect people and democratic institutions, though the state now has extensive legal powers under the Investigatory Powers Act.
The Klass case established that while surveillance can breach your privacy rights, it must be legally justified and proportionate. Your right to private communication isn't absolute, but there must be proper safeguards and oversight.
Key Insight: Article 8 creates both negative duties (state must not interfere) and positive duties (state must actively protect your rights through proper legislation and procedures).
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
18
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Mock Exam
Quiz
Flashcards
Essay
Most popular content: Public Policy
Most popular content in Law
Most popular content
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.6/5
App Store
4.7/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user