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Updated Apr 15, 2026
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Periodni sistem elementov - Vodnik za začetnike
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Periodni sistem elementov - osnove
Zakaj bi te moralo zanimat? Periodni sistem elementov je temelj vsega, kar se naučiš v kemiji! Predstavljaj si ga kot genijsko urejen zemljevid, kjer ima vsak element svoje natančno mesto.
Najpomembnejši pojmi, ki jih moraš obvladati: Element je čista snov iz samo ene vrste atomov - kot sta kisik ali železo. Atom je najmanjši delček elementa, ki še vedno ohrani vse njegove lastnosti. Simbol elementa je kratka oznaka (H za vodik, Na za natrij) - prva črka je vedno velika, druga majhna!
Vrstno število (Z) je kot osebna izkaznica vsakega elementa. Pove ti, koliko protonov ima atom v jedru, in to število je za vsak element edinstveno.
Pomembno za teste: Simbole prvih 20 elementov se moraš naučiti na pamet - H, He, Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F, Ne, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar, K, Ca!
Kako bereš podatke o elementu
V vsakem kvadratku periodnega sistema najdeš vse ključne informacije o elementu. Zgoraj levo je vrstno število (koliko protonov ima), v sredini je simbol elementa z velikimi črkami, pod njim je ime, na dnu pa relativna atomska masa.
Periode so vodoravne vrstice - skupaj jih je 7. Vsi elementi v isti periodi imajo enako število elektronskih lupin okoli jedra. Če je element v 2. periodi, ima elektrone v dveh lupinah.
Skupine so navpični stolpci - skupaj jih je 18. Tu je glavna fora: elementi v isti skupini imajo zelo podobne kemijske lastnosti, ker imajo enako število elektronov na zunanji lupini.
Zapomniti si moraš: 1. skupina = alkalijske kovine, 2. skupina = zemljoalkalijske kovine, 17. skupina = halogeni, 18. skupina = žlahtni plini (zelo stabilni).
Kovine, nekovine in polkovine
Čez periodni sistem poteka debela "cik-cak" črta, ki razdeli elemente na tri glavne skupine. Kovine so na levi strani in v sredini - so sijoče, dobro prevajajo elektriko in toploto ter so večinoma trde.
Nekovine najdeš na desni strani (plus vodik). So brez sijaja, slabo prevajajo in so pogosto krhke. Lahko so plinaste, tekoče ali trdne.
Polkovine ležijo ob "cik-cak" črti in imajo lastnosti nekje vmes. Silicij je odličen primer - uporablja se v računalniških čipih!
Pro tip: Leva stran = kovine, desna stran = nekovine. Tako enostavno!
Praktični primeri za boljše razumevanje
Vzemimo magnezij (Mg): je v 3. periodi in 2. skupini, ima vrstno število 12. Ker je v 2. skupini, je zemljoalkalijska kovina. Ker je na levi strani, je kovina - torej sijoč, trden in dobro prevaja.
Kisik (O) in žveplo (S) sta oba v 16. skupini, zato imata podobne kemijske lastnosti. Razlika? Kisik je v 2. periodi, žveplo v 3. - to pomeni, da ima žveplo več elektronskih lupin.
Če ti dam namig, da je element X v 4. periodi in 17. skupini, lahko hitro ugotoviš, da je to brom (Br) - halogen, ki je pri sobni temperaturi tekočina.
Za teste veš: Če se spremeni število protonov (vrstno število), se spremeni tudi element!
Hiter povzetek za uspeh pri testih
Zapomni si glavno pravilo: periodni sistem ureja elemente po naraščajočem vrstnem številu. Periode (vodoravno) povedo število elektronskih lupin, skupine (navpično) pa zagotavljajo podobne lastnosti.
Ključne delitve: kovine levo (sijoče, prevodne), nekovine desno (motne, slabi prevodniki), polkovine vmes. Vodik je posebnež - v 1. skupini, a je nekovina!
Imena skupin za obvladati: alkalijske kovine (1.), zemljoalkalijske kovine (2.), halogeni (17.) in žlahtni plini (18.). S temi osnovami boš brez težav reševal vse naloge!
Zadnji nasvet: Vrstno število je najważnejši podatek - pove ti vse o elementu!
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Periodni sistem elementov - Vodnik za začetnike
Periodni sistem je kot velika, urejena knjižnica za vse elemente - namesto knjig so v njem razvrščeni vsi elementi po vrstnem redu in lastnostih. To je najbolj uporabno orodje v kemiji, ki ti pomaga razumeti, kako se elementi obnašajo in... Show more
Periodni sistem elementov - osnove
Zakaj bi te moralo zanimat? Periodni sistem elementov je temelj vsega, kar se naučiš v kemiji! Predstavljaj si ga kot genijsko urejen zemljevid, kjer ima vsak element svoje natančno mesto.
Najpomembnejši pojmi, ki jih moraš obvladati: Element je čista snov iz samo ene vrste atomov - kot sta kisik ali železo. Atom je najmanjši delček elementa, ki še vedno ohrani vse njegove lastnosti. Simbol elementa je kratka oznaka (H za vodik, Na za natrij) - prva črka je vedno velika, druga majhna!
Vrstno število (Z) je kot osebna izkaznica vsakega elementa. Pove ti, koliko protonov ima atom v jedru, in to število je za vsak element edinstveno.
Pomembno za teste: Simbole prvih 20 elementov se moraš naučiti na pamet - H, He, Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F, Ne, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar, K, Ca!
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
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Kako bereš podatke o elementu
V vsakem kvadratku periodnega sistema najdeš vse ključne informacije o elementu. Zgoraj levo je vrstno število (koliko protonov ima), v sredini je simbol elementa z velikimi črkami, pod njim je ime, na dnu pa relativna atomska masa.
Periode so vodoravne vrstice - skupaj jih je 7. Vsi elementi v isti periodi imajo enako število elektronskih lupin okoli jedra. Če je element v 2. periodi, ima elektrone v dveh lupinah.
Skupine so navpični stolpci - skupaj jih je 18. Tu je glavna fora: elementi v isti skupini imajo zelo podobne kemijske lastnosti, ker imajo enako število elektronov na zunanji lupini.
Zapomniti si moraš: 1. skupina = alkalijske kovine, 2. skupina = zemljoalkalijske kovine, 17. skupina = halogeni, 18. skupina = žlahtni plini (zelo stabilni).
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Kovine, nekovine in polkovine
Čez periodni sistem poteka debela "cik-cak" črta, ki razdeli elemente na tri glavne skupine. Kovine so na levi strani in v sredini - so sijoče, dobro prevajajo elektriko in toploto ter so večinoma trde.
Nekovine najdeš na desni strani (plus vodik). So brez sijaja, slabo prevajajo in so pogosto krhke. Lahko so plinaste, tekoče ali trdne.
Polkovine ležijo ob "cik-cak" črti in imajo lastnosti nekje vmes. Silicij je odličen primer - uporablja se v računalniških čipih!
Pro tip: Leva stran = kovine, desna stran = nekovine. Tako enostavno!
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
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Praktični primeri za boljše razumevanje
Vzemimo magnezij (Mg): je v 3. periodi in 2. skupini, ima vrstno število 12. Ker je v 2. skupini, je zemljoalkalijska kovina. Ker je na levi strani, je kovina - torej sijoč, trden in dobro prevaja.
Kisik (O) in žveplo (S) sta oba v 16. skupini, zato imata podobne kemijske lastnosti. Razlika? Kisik je v 2. periodi, žveplo v 3. - to pomeni, da ima žveplo več elektronskih lupin.
Če ti dam namig, da je element X v 4. periodi in 17. skupini, lahko hitro ugotoviš, da je to brom (Br) - halogen, ki je pri sobni temperaturi tekočina.
Za teste veš: Če se spremeni število protonov (vrstno število), se spremeni tudi element!
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
Hiter povzetek za uspeh pri testih
Zapomni si glavno pravilo: periodni sistem ureja elemente po naraščajočem vrstnem številu. Periode (vodoravno) povedo število elektronskih lupin, skupine (navpično) pa zagotavljajo podobne lastnosti.
Ključne delitve: kovine levo (sijoče, prevodne), nekovine desno (motne, slabi prevodniki), polkovine vmes. Vodik je posebnež - v 1. skupini, a je nekovina!
Imena skupin za obvladati: alkalijske kovine (1.), zemljoalkalijske kovine (2.), halogeni (17.) in žlahtni plini (18.). S temi osnovami boš brez težav reševal vse naloge!
Zadnji nasvet: Vrstno število je najważnejši podatek - pove ti vse o elementu!
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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4.6/5
App Store
4.7/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user