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Updated May 6, 2026
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Elektronska ovojnica je kot "naslov" elektronov v atomu - ne... Show more







Pozabi na Bohrov model s krožnicami - kvantno-mehanski model je mnogo bolj natančen! Elektroni se ne gibljejo po točnih poteh, ampak se nahajajo v orbitalah - to so območja, kjer je verjetnost, da najdemo elektron, največja.
Orbitala je torej kot "oblak verjetnosti" okoli jedra. V vsaki orbitali sta lahko največ dva elektrona z nasprotnim spinom. Elektronska ovojnica je razdeljena na lupine, podlupine in orbitale.
Kvantna števila so štiri "koordinate", ki natančno opišejo stanje vsakega elektrona. Predstavljaj si jih kot popoln naslov - pove ti lupino, podlupino, orientacijo orbitale in spin elektrona.
💡 Pomembno: Elektronska konfiguracija ti pove, kako so elektroni razporejeni po orbitalah v atomu - to boš potreboval za razumevanje kemijskih reakcij!

Glavno kvantno število (n) določa energijski nivo oziroma lupino. Vrednosti so 1, 2, 3, 4... Višji kot je n, dlje je elektron od jedra in višja je njegova energija. Maksimalno število elektronov v lupini je 2n².
Stransko kvantno število (l) določa obliko orbitale in podlupino. Vrednosti gredo od 0 do n-1:
Če je n = 3, so možne vrednosti l = 0, 1, 2. To pomeni, da 3. lupina vsebuje 3s, 3p in 3d podlupine.
💡 Pomembno: V periodnem sistemu n ustreza periodi - elementi v 2. periodi imajo n = 2 kot najvišjo lupino!

Magnetno kvantno število (ml) določa prostorsko orientacijo orbitale. Vrednosti gredo od -l do +l:
Spinsko kvantno število (ms) opisuje "vrtenje" elektrona okoli lastne osi. Ima le dve možni vrednosti: +½ (spin "gor" ↑) in -½ (spin "dol" ↓).
Paulijevo izključitveno načelo pravi, da v eni orbitali sta lahko največ dva elektrona z nasprotnim spinom. To pomeni, da ima vsak elektron v atomu edinstven set štirih kvantnih števil.
💡 Pomembno: Spin si lahko predstavljaš kot majhno magnetno polje, ki ga ustvarja elektron - zato so elektroni v isti orbitali "nasprotno usmerjena"!

Pri zapisovanju elektronske konfiguracije moraš upoštevati tri ključna pravila, ki določajo, kako se elektroni razporejajo po orbitalah.
Aufbau princip (pravilo izgradnje): Elektroni zapolnjujejo orbitale od najnižje do najvišje energije. Vrstni red: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p... Pazi - 4s se napolni pred 3d!
Paulijevo izključitveno načelo: V vsaki orbitali sta lahko največ 2 elektrona z nasprotnim spinom.
Hundovo pravilo je kot "pravilo avtobusa" - v podlupini (npr. treh p orbitalah) elektroni najprej posamično zasedejo vse orbitale z istim spinom, šele nato se začnejo pariti.
💡 Pomembno: Zapomniti si moraš vrstni red polnjenja orbital - to je osnova za pravilno zapisovanje elektronskih konfiguracije!

Ogljik : 1s²2s²2p². Pri 2p orbitalah elektrona zasedeta ločeni orbitali z istim spinom (Hundovo pravilo).
Klor : 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁵. Ima 7 valenčnih elektronov v zunanji (3.) lupini.
Železo : [Ar] 4s²3d⁶. Pazi - 4s se napolni pred 3d!
Pomembni izjemi sta krom in baker zaradi stabilnosti polovično/polno zasedene d-podlupine:
Valenčni elektroni so v zunanji lupini in določajo kemijske lastnosti. Pri prehodnih kovinah so pomembni tudi d-elektroni.
💡 Pomembno: Izjemi pri Cr in Cu si moraš nujno zapomniti - pogosto se pojavljata na testih!

Osnove: Elektroni so v orbitalah (ne krožnicah), vsaka orbitala lahko sprejme maksimalno 2 elektrona z nasprotnim spinom.
Kvantna števila:
Pravila polnjenja:
Ne pozabi: Izjemi Cr [Ar] 4s¹3d⁵ in Cu [Ar] 4s¹3d¹⁰!
💡 Pomembno: Te osnove potrebuješ za razumevanje periodnega sistema in kemijskih vezi - dobro si jih zapomniti!
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Elektronska ovojnica je kot "naslov" elektronov v atomu - ne krožijo po točno določenih poteh, ampak se nahajajo v orbitalah. Kvantna števila so štirje parametri, ki natančno opišejo, kje se elektron nahaja in kako se obnaša.

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Pozabi na Bohrov model s krožnicami - kvantno-mehanski model je mnogo bolj natančen! Elektroni se ne gibljejo po točnih poteh, ampak se nahajajo v orbitalah - to so območja, kjer je verjetnost, da najdemo elektron, največja.
Orbitala je torej kot "oblak verjetnosti" okoli jedra. V vsaki orbitali sta lahko največ dva elektrona z nasprotnim spinom. Elektronska ovojnica je razdeljena na lupine, podlupine in orbitale.
Kvantna števila so štiri "koordinate", ki natančno opišejo stanje vsakega elektrona. Predstavljaj si jih kot popoln naslov - pove ti lupino, podlupino, orientacijo orbitale in spin elektrona.
💡 Pomembno: Elektronska konfiguracija ti pove, kako so elektroni razporejeni po orbitalah v atomu - to boš potreboval za razumevanje kemijskih reakcij!

Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
Glavno kvantno število (n) določa energijski nivo oziroma lupino. Vrednosti so 1, 2, 3, 4... Višji kot je n, dlje je elektron od jedra in višja je njegova energija. Maksimalno število elektronov v lupini je 2n².
Stransko kvantno število (l) določa obliko orbitale in podlupino. Vrednosti gredo od 0 do n-1:
Če je n = 3, so možne vrednosti l = 0, 1, 2. To pomeni, da 3. lupina vsebuje 3s, 3p in 3d podlupine.
💡 Pomembno: V periodnem sistemu n ustreza periodi - elementi v 2. periodi imajo n = 2 kot najvišjo lupino!

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Magnetno kvantno število (ml) določa prostorsko orientacijo orbitale. Vrednosti gredo od -l do +l:
Spinsko kvantno število (ms) opisuje "vrtenje" elektrona okoli lastne osi. Ima le dve možni vrednosti: +½ (spin "gor" ↑) in -½ (spin "dol" ↓).
Paulijevo izključitveno načelo pravi, da v eni orbitali sta lahko največ dva elektrona z nasprotnim spinom. To pomeni, da ima vsak elektron v atomu edinstven set štirih kvantnih števil.
💡 Pomembno: Spin si lahko predstavljaš kot majhno magnetno polje, ki ga ustvarja elektron - zato so elektroni v isti orbitali "nasprotno usmerjena"!

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Pri zapisovanju elektronske konfiguracije moraš upoštevati tri ključna pravila, ki določajo, kako se elektroni razporejajo po orbitalah.
Aufbau princip (pravilo izgradnje): Elektroni zapolnjujejo orbitale od najnižje do najvišje energije. Vrstni red: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p... Pazi - 4s se napolni pred 3d!
Paulijevo izključitveno načelo: V vsaki orbitali sta lahko največ 2 elektrona z nasprotnim spinom.
Hundovo pravilo je kot "pravilo avtobusa" - v podlupini (npr. treh p orbitalah) elektroni najprej posamično zasedejo vse orbitale z istim spinom, šele nato se začnejo pariti.
💡 Pomembno: Zapomniti si moraš vrstni red polnjenja orbital - to je osnova za pravilno zapisovanje elektronskih konfiguracije!

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Ogljik : 1s²2s²2p². Pri 2p orbitalah elektrona zasedeta ločeni orbitali z istim spinom (Hundovo pravilo).
Klor : 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁵. Ima 7 valenčnih elektronov v zunanji (3.) lupini.
Železo : [Ar] 4s²3d⁶. Pazi - 4s se napolni pred 3d!
Pomembni izjemi sta krom in baker zaradi stabilnosti polovično/polno zasedene d-podlupine:
Valenčni elektroni so v zunanji lupini in določajo kemijske lastnosti. Pri prehodnih kovinah so pomembni tudi d-elektroni.
💡 Pomembno: Izjemi pri Cr in Cu si moraš nujno zapomniti - pogosto se pojavljata na testih!

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Improve your grades
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Osnove: Elektroni so v orbitalah (ne krožnicah), vsaka orbitala lahko sprejme maksimalno 2 elektrona z nasprotnim spinom.
Kvantna števila:
Pravila polnjenja:
Ne pozabi: Izjemi Cr [Ar] 4s¹3d⁵ in Cu [Ar] 4s¹3d¹⁰!
💡 Pomembno: Te osnove potrebuješ za razumevanje periodnega sistema in kemijskih vezi - dobro si jih zapomniti!
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user