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Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
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History
15 Dec 2025
352
14 pages
E @scottishexamsgirl
The Russian Civil War (1918-1921) was a brutal conflict between the Bolsheviks (Reds) and their opponents (Whites) that... Show more
Ever wondered how a relatively small group of revolutionaries managed to defeat much larger opposing forces? The Bolsheviks' victory wasn't just luck - it came down to seven key advantages that made all the difference.
The geographical advantage was massive. The Reds controlled central Russia, including vital cities like Moscow, which meant they had access to industry and railway networks. This allowed them to produce weapons and move troops quickly between different fronts - like having the best position on a chessboard.
Meanwhile, their enemies were scattered around the edges of the country, making coordination nearly impossible.
Quick Tip Remember that controlling the centre meant controlling the railways - the key to moving armies in such a vast country.
Leon Trotsky transformed the Bolsheviks from a ragtag group into a proper fighting force. He cleverly recruited over 2,000 former Tsarist officers to lead the army - if they refused, they were sent to prison camps.
The Red Army grew from 550,000 to 5.5 million soldiers in just two years through conscription . Trotsky promoted talented soldiers from the ranks, creating excellent generals like Yakir who understood modern warfare.
Political commissars kept everyone in line by watching officers and reporting any disloyalty. Deserters were executed, and sometimes their families were shot too. When one battalion tried to run away, Trotsky killed every tenth soldier as an example.
Remember Trotsky combined smart recruitment with brutal discipline to create an effective army.
War Communism was Lenin's economic policy that kept the Red Army supplied during the conflict. Private trade was banned, and all crops had to be handed over to the state - ensuring soldiers had food and equipment even if civilians starved.
The Red Terror was the Bolsheviks' campaign of systematic violence against anyone suspected of opposing them. The Cheka (secret police) tortured and executed around 300,000 people between 1918-1920, including the entire Tsar's family.
This brutality forced many Russians to support the Reds out of fear. Why risk your family's lives by opposing them?
Key Point The Reds used extreme violence as a political weapon to eliminate opposition and control the population.
The White forces were their own worst enemy. They had no unified leadership, couldn't agree on goals, and lacked discipline. Imagine trying to win a football match with eleven players who don't talk to each other!
Foreign support from Britain, the US, and Japan actually made things worse - many Russians saw the Whites as traitors working with foreign powers. The Whites also couldn't decide whether they wanted the Tsar back or a democratic government.
Without clear leadership or popular support, they were doomed from the start.
Think About It Having foreign allies can sometimes hurt more than it helps if people see you as unpatriotic.
The Russian Civil War lasted three brutal years (1918-1921) and killed over 6 million people, including many civilians caught in the crossfire. Lenin's War Communism policy caused widespread famine and chaos as the government seized food supplies.
The conflict split Russian society completely - families fought against each other, and entire regions were devastated. Cities were destroyed, the economy collapsed, and social trust disappeared.
This wasn't just a political conflict - it was a complete breakdown of Russian society that would shape the country for decades to come.
Remember Civil wars are often more devastating than international wars because they tear societies apart from within.
The civil war didn't start overnight - it was triggered by a series of Bolshevik actions that outraged their opponents. When Lenin closed the Constituent Assembly after losing the election, many Russians felt democracy had been murdered.
The introduction of the Red Terror, severe censorship, and the banning of all political parties showed that Lenin intended to rule as a dictator. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which gave away huge amounts of Russian territory to Germany, made many patriots furious.
The creation of the Cheka secret police convinced many Russians that the Bolsheviks were just as bad as the Tsar's regime - perhaps worse.
Key Insight The Bolsheviks' authoritarian actions after gaining power created the very opposition that led to civil war.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
E
@scottishexamsgirl
The Russian Civil War (1918-1921) was a brutal conflict between the Bolsheviks (Reds) and their opponents (Whites) that followed the Russian Revolution. Despite facing multiple enemies and foreign intervention, the Bolsheviks emerged victorious through strategic advantages and ruthless tactics.
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Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Ever wondered how a relatively small group of revolutionaries managed to defeat much larger opposing forces? The Bolsheviks' victory wasn't just luck - it came down to seven key advantages that made all the difference.
The geographical advantage was massive. The Reds controlled central Russia, including vital cities like Moscow, which meant they had access to industry and railway networks. This allowed them to produce weapons and move troops quickly between different fronts - like having the best position on a chessboard.
Meanwhile, their enemies were scattered around the edges of the country, making coordination nearly impossible.
Quick Tip: Remember that controlling the centre meant controlling the railways - the key to moving armies in such a vast country.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Leon Trotsky transformed the Bolsheviks from a ragtag group into a proper fighting force. He cleverly recruited over 2,000 former Tsarist officers to lead the army - if they refused, they were sent to prison camps.
The Red Army grew from 550,000 to 5.5 million soldiers in just two years through conscription . Trotsky promoted talented soldiers from the ranks, creating excellent generals like Yakir who understood modern warfare.
Political commissars kept everyone in line by watching officers and reporting any disloyalty. Deserters were executed, and sometimes their families were shot too. When one battalion tried to run away, Trotsky killed every tenth soldier as an example.
Remember: Trotsky combined smart recruitment with brutal discipline to create an effective army.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
War Communism was Lenin's economic policy that kept the Red Army supplied during the conflict. Private trade was banned, and all crops had to be handed over to the state - ensuring soldiers had food and equipment even if civilians starved.
The Red Terror was the Bolsheviks' campaign of systematic violence against anyone suspected of opposing them. The Cheka (secret police) tortured and executed around 300,000 people between 1918-1920, including the entire Tsar's family.
This brutality forced many Russians to support the Reds out of fear. Why risk your family's lives by opposing them?
Key Point: The Reds used extreme violence as a political weapon to eliminate opposition and control the population.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The White forces were their own worst enemy. They had no unified leadership, couldn't agree on goals, and lacked discipline. Imagine trying to win a football match with eleven players who don't talk to each other!
Foreign support from Britain, the US, and Japan actually made things worse - many Russians saw the Whites as traitors working with foreign powers. The Whites also couldn't decide whether they wanted the Tsar back or a democratic government.
Without clear leadership or popular support, they were doomed from the start.
Think About It: Having foreign allies can sometimes hurt more than it helps if people see you as unpatriotic.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The Russian Civil War lasted three brutal years (1918-1921) and killed over 6 million people, including many civilians caught in the crossfire. Lenin's War Communism policy caused widespread famine and chaos as the government seized food supplies.
The conflict split Russian society completely - families fought against each other, and entire regions were devastated. Cities were destroyed, the economy collapsed, and social trust disappeared.
This wasn't just a political conflict - it was a complete breakdown of Russian society that would shape the country for decades to come.
Remember: Civil wars are often more devastating than international wars because they tear societies apart from within.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The civil war didn't start overnight - it was triggered by a series of Bolshevik actions that outraged their opponents. When Lenin closed the Constituent Assembly after losing the election, many Russians felt democracy had been murdered.
The introduction of the Red Terror, severe censorship, and the banning of all political parties showed that Lenin intended to rule as a dictator. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which gave away huge amounts of Russian territory to Germany, made many patriots furious.
The creation of the Cheka secret police convinced many Russians that the Bolsheviks were just as bad as the Tsar's regime - perhaps worse.
Key Insight: The Bolsheviks' authoritarian actions after gaining power created the very opposition that led to civil war.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
11
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Quotes from every main character
English LiteratureApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology