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Biology
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Responding to change (a2 only)
Infection and response
Homeostasis and response
Energy transfers (a2 only)
Cell biology
Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
Biological molecules
Organisation
Substance exchange
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Genetics & ecosystems (a2 only)
Ecology
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Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
World war one
Britain: 1509 -1745
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History
5 Dec 2025
758
4 pages
Mia Giles @miagiles_cjki
Henry VIII's reign saw evolving forms of government, from conciliar rule to powerful chief ministers like Wolsey and... Show more
Cromwell's Domestic Policies
Thomas Cromwell succeeded Wolsey as Henry VIII's chief minister from 1532-1540. As a skilled lawyer, Cromwell was instrumental in achieving the break with Rome and establishing royal supremacy through acts of Parliament.
Cromwell modernized government administration by creating specialized departments with defined procedures. For example, he established the Court of Augmentations to manage income from dissolved monasteries. He also reformed the Privy Council, reducing it to 20 members responsible for government business.
A key aspect of Cromwell's work was passing a series of parliamentary acts to establish Royal Supremacy
• 1533 Act in Restraint of Appeals - Prevented Catherine from appealing to Rome • 1534 Act of Succession - Made Princess Mary illegitimate • 1534 Act of Supremacy - Removed papal authority in England • 1534 Treason Act - Made it treasonous to call Henry a heretic • 1536 Suppression Acts - Allowed confiscation of church lands
Definition Royal Supremacy refers to the king's position as supreme head of the Church of England, replacing papal authority.
Quote "Cromwell's policies revolutionised government as he achieved the royal supremacy through Acts of Parliament."
Government in Henry VIII's Later Years
After Cromwell's fall in 1540, Henry VIII's government returned to a conciliar form dominated by conservative factions at court. Key developments in this period included
• The emergence of the Privy Council as the main governing body • A focus on halting further religious changes • Factional rivalries at court influencing policy
Some historians view Henry as weak in his later years, falling prey to competing court factions. However, the king remained the ultimate source of authority.
Highlight The fall of Cromwell marked a shift back towards more conservative governance in Henry's final years.
Vocabulary Conciliar government - Rule through a royal council rather than a chief minister.
This period saw the culmination of Henry's break with Rome and the establishment of the Church of England. The Act of Supremacy had made Henry the head of the church, fundamentally altering England's religious landscape.
Wolsey's Domestic Policy
Cardinal Wolsey wielded immense power as Henry VIII's chief minister from 1514-1529. His domestic policies centered on two key areas strengthening royal authority and raising finances for the crown.
To enhance royal authority, Wolsey expanded the use of prerogative courts like the Court of Chancery and Court of Star Chamber. These courts allowed the crown to uphold justice and hear cases outside the common law system. Wolsey also appointed local law officers and extended crown authority over regional councils.
For raising finances, Wolsey established a network of royal commissioners to assess wealth for taxation. He attempted to implement the Amicable Grant of 1525, though this proved highly unpopular. In 1526, Wolsey introduced the Eltham Ordinances to reduce royal expenditures.
Highlight The Eltham Ordinances Wolsey introduced aimed to reform the Privy Chamber's finances and reduce its influence.
Vocabulary Prerogative courts - Special courts operating under the authority of the monarch rather than common law.
Example The Court of Star Chamber allowed Wolsey to hear cases of alleged misconduct and private lawsuits outside the regular court system.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
32
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the intricate relationship between Henry VII and the Catholic Church, including anti-clericalism, the role of the Church in society, and the impact of humanism. This summary covers key concepts such as transubstantiation, heresy, and the Church's influence on politics and education during his reign. Ideal for students revising Tudor religious changes.
HistoryExplore the complexities of discontent faced by the restored monarchy from 1660-88, focusing on the role of anti-Catholic sentiment, the actions of Charles II and James II, and the impact of financial tensions. This detailed essay plan provides a structured analysis for students studying Unit 1 and 2 of Britain 1625-1701: Conflict, Revolution, and Settlement.
HistoryExplore the tumultuous relationship between Charles I and the Parliament during the early 1620s, focusing on key events such as the 1625 Parliament, the rise of tensions over taxation, the influence of Catholicism, and the implications of the Petition of Rights. This summary highlights the failures of Charles' monarchy and the political landscape leading to the English Civil War.
HistoryExplore the key factors leading to the failure of the Darien Scheme and the worsening relations between Scotland and England. This summary covers the impact of tropical diseases, economic tensions, and political decisions, including the Act of Settlement and the Navigation Acts. Ideal for Higher History students studying the Treaty of Union and its historical context.
HistoryApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Mia Giles
@miagiles_cjki
Henry VIII's reign saw evolving forms of government, from conciliar rule to powerful chief ministers like Wolsey and Cromwell. Key developments included the Reformation Parliament, expansion of royal authority, and domestic policies that reshaped England's political and religious... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Cromwell's Domestic Policies
Thomas Cromwell succeeded Wolsey as Henry VIII's chief minister from 1532-1540. As a skilled lawyer, Cromwell was instrumental in achieving the break with Rome and establishing royal supremacy through acts of Parliament.
Cromwell modernized government administration by creating specialized departments with defined procedures. For example, he established the Court of Augmentations to manage income from dissolved monasteries. He also reformed the Privy Council, reducing it to 20 members responsible for government business.
A key aspect of Cromwell's work was passing a series of parliamentary acts to establish Royal Supremacy:
• 1533 Act in Restraint of Appeals - Prevented Catherine from appealing to Rome • 1534 Act of Succession - Made Princess Mary illegitimate • 1534 Act of Supremacy - Removed papal authority in England • 1534 Treason Act - Made it treasonous to call Henry a heretic • 1536 Suppression Acts - Allowed confiscation of church lands
Definition: Royal Supremacy refers to the king's position as supreme head of the Church of England, replacing papal authority.
Quote: "Cromwell's policies revolutionised government as he achieved the royal supremacy through Acts of Parliament."
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Government in Henry VIII's Later Years
After Cromwell's fall in 1540, Henry VIII's government returned to a conciliar form dominated by conservative factions at court. Key developments in this period included:
• The emergence of the Privy Council as the main governing body • A focus on halting further religious changes • Factional rivalries at court influencing policy
Some historians view Henry as weak in his later years, falling prey to competing court factions. However, the king remained the ultimate source of authority.
Highlight: The fall of Cromwell marked a shift back towards more conservative governance in Henry's final years.
Vocabulary: Conciliar government - Rule through a royal council rather than a chief minister.
This period saw the culmination of Henry's break with Rome and the establishment of the Church of England. The Act of Supremacy had made Henry the head of the church, fundamentally altering England's religious landscape.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Wolsey's Domestic Policy
Cardinal Wolsey wielded immense power as Henry VIII's chief minister from 1514-1529. His domestic policies centered on two key areas: strengthening royal authority and raising finances for the crown.
To enhance royal authority, Wolsey expanded the use of prerogative courts like the Court of Chancery and Court of Star Chamber. These courts allowed the crown to uphold justice and hear cases outside the common law system. Wolsey also appointed local law officers and extended crown authority over regional councils.
For raising finances, Wolsey established a network of royal commissioners to assess wealth for taxation. He attempted to implement the Amicable Grant of 1525, though this proved highly unpopular. In 1526, Wolsey introduced the Eltham Ordinances to reduce royal expenditures.
Highlight: The Eltham Ordinances Wolsey introduced aimed to reform the Privy Chamber's finances and reduce its influence.
Vocabulary: Prerogative courts - Special courts operating under the authority of the monarch rather than common law.
Example: The Court of Star Chamber allowed Wolsey to hear cases of alleged misconduct and private lawsuits outside the regular court system.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
32
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the intricate relationship between Henry VII and the Catholic Church, including anti-clericalism, the role of the Church in society, and the impact of humanism. This summary covers key concepts such as transubstantiation, heresy, and the Church's influence on politics and education during his reign. Ideal for students revising Tudor religious changes.
HistoryExplore the complexities of discontent faced by the restored monarchy from 1660-88, focusing on the role of anti-Catholic sentiment, the actions of Charles II and James II, and the impact of financial tensions. This detailed essay plan provides a structured analysis for students studying Unit 1 and 2 of Britain 1625-1701: Conflict, Revolution, and Settlement.
HistoryExplore the tumultuous relationship between Charles I and the Parliament during the early 1620s, focusing on key events such as the 1625 Parliament, the rise of tensions over taxation, the influence of Catholicism, and the implications of the Petition of Rights. This summary highlights the failures of Charles' monarchy and the political landscape leading to the English Civil War.
HistoryExplore the key factors leading to the failure of the Darien Scheme and the worsening relations between Scotland and England. This summary covers the impact of tropical diseases, economic tensions, and political decisions, including the Act of Settlement and the Navigation Acts. Ideal for Higher History students studying the Treaty of Union and its historical context.
HistoryApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology