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Infection and response
Organisation
Cell biology
Biological molecules
Homeostasis and response
Responding to change (a2 only)
Energy transfers (a2 only)
The control of gene expression (a-level only)
Substance exchange
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Genetics & ecosystems (a2 only)
Ecology
Cells
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1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
Inter-war germany
World war one
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
World war two & the holocaust
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
2j america: a nation divided, c1845-1877
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
The fight for female suffrage
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
Britain: 1509 -1745
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29/05/2023
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GCSE HISTORY EARLY SETTLEMENT OF THE WEST JACK TAYLOR SOCIAL STRUCTURE ● Tribe a group of many bands (e.g. Sioux, Cheyenne) Band a smaller group within a tribe - usually up to 200 people Warrior society - a group of fighters in a band ● Chief leader of the band ● ● THE BUFFALO ● ● Source of food Their hide was used for tipis and clothing Parts could be used for tools. (e.g. knives, arrows) THE HORSE ● Used for travelling long distances ● Involved in hunting buffalo ● Used in combat BELIEFS ● They believed that everything had a spirit ● They communicated with spirits through dances and visions They did not believe land could be owned The Native Americans often did not fight to kill, but to show power over their enemies MIGRATION The Oregon trail was used for the migration of white settlers, as well as trade The Great Migration of 1843 led to 1000 people taking the trail, along with the Gold Rush in California The first company to use the Oregon Trail was the Pacific Fur Company People believed in "Manifest Destiny", the idea that it was God's will for them to move west ● ● ● Donner ● ● The Great Plains were very dry, meaning crops could not easily grow There was a high chance of sandstorms, along with heavy snowfall in the winter Many of the routes west involved difficult terrain, like mountains ● Mormon They took a shortcut...
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at the Hastings Cutoff They got slowed down by the snow as it reached winter Just over half of the party survived, and reportedly had to resort to cannibalism After Joseph Smith was killed, Brigham Young became the leader The Mormons were banned from Illinois, so they moved to Salt Lake City, Utah, along the "Mormon Trail" Brigham Young tested the route beforehand for a greater chance of success GOVERNMENT POLICIES ● Indian Removal Act, 1830 ● Indians had to move to the other side (west) of the Mississippi River Indian Trade & Intercourse Act, 1834 ● Put an end to white settlers using Indian land They could no longer buy or rent their land Fort Laramie Treaty, 1851 Meant that migrators could use the Oregon Trail without threat of attack from the Native Americans ● Established an annuity of $50,000 Indian Appropriations Act, 1851 ● Native Americans were moved onto reservations ● This went against their nomadic lifestyle, as they could no longer move around LAWLESSNESS There was lots of lawlessness stemming from lack of police, drinking and gambling. Vigilante groups were made up of civilians trying to enforce the law Each state was given a US marshal, who chose deputy marshals to be in charge of a certain area in the state ● ● ● Each town had a town marshal, chosen in an election Sheriffs were also assigned to specific regions There was still lots of lawlessness, as messages took a long time to spread, and marshals were mainly untrained and underpaid - many were corrupt