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Updated Mar 15, 2026
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Osnove Ugljovodonika: Alkani, Alkeni, i Alkini
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Osnove ugljovodonika
Zamisli da gradiš sa lego kockicama - ugljovodonici su kao najjednostavnije građevne jedinice organske hemije. Sastoje se samo od ugljenika (C) i vodonika (H), a nalaze ih u nafti, prirodnom gasu, benzinu i svim plastikama oko tebe.
Ključna stvar koju moraš da zapamtiš: ugljenikov atom uvek pravi tačno četiri veze. Bez obzira kako izgleda molekul, svaki C mora imati četiri "ruke" koje se drže za druge atome.
Homologi niz je kao porodica molekula - svi imaju sličnu strukturu i osobine, ali se svaki sledeći član razlikuje za jednu -CH2- grupu. To je kao dodavanje još jednog vagon na voz.
Ugljovodonici se dele na zasićene (samo jednostruke veze, "puni" vodonika) i nezasićene (imaju dvostruke ili trostruke veze). Ovaj pojam ćeš stalno koristiti u organskoj hemiji.
Zapamti: Ugljenikov atom = 4 veze, uvek! Ovo je najčešća greška na kontrolnom.
Alkani - zasićeni ugljovodonici
Alkani su kao "mirne" porodice ugljenika - svi su povezani jednostrukim vezama i potpuno zadovoljni. Opšta formula im je CnH2n+2, što znači da ako imaš n ugljenika, broj vodonika računaš kao 2n+2.
Prva četiri alkana imaju čudna imena (metan, etan, propan, butan), ali od petog člana koriste se grčki brojevi: pentan, heksan, heptan, oktan, nonan, dekan. Sva imena se završavaju na -an.
Evo tabele koju moraš napamet:
- Metan (CH4) - 1 C atom
- Etan (C2H6) - 2 C atoma
- Propan (C3H8) - 3 C atoma
- Butan (C4H10) - 4 C atoma
Prefikse met-, et-, prop-, but-, pent-, heks- ćeš koristiti za sve organske molekule, tako da ih savršeno nauči. Alkani su osnova za benzin i prirodni gas.
Brz test: Za bilo koji alkan, broj H atoma = 2 × broj C atoma + 2
Alkeni - prvi nezasićeni ugljovodonici
Alkeni su "gladni" za više veze - imaju bar jednu dvostruku vezu između ugljenika. Opšta formula im je CnH2n, što znači manje vodonika nego kod alkana.
Imena se prave lako: uzmeš ime alkana i zameniš -an sa -en. Etan postaje eten, propan postaje propen. Ne može da postoji "meten" jer trebaš minimum dva ugljenika za dvostruku vezu.
Eten (C2H4) je najjednostavniji alken i koristi se za proizvodnju plastičnih kesa. Dvostruka veza čini alkene reaktivnijim od alkana - lakše stupaju u hemijske reakcije.
Kad crtaš strukturnu formulu, uvek pazi da svaki ugljenikov atom ima tačno četiri veze. Kod etena: H2C=CH2 - svaki C ima po dve veze sa H i dve sa drugim C.
Zapamti formulu: CnH2n - uvek duplo manje H nego kod alkana!
Alkini - najnezasićeniji ugljovodonici
Alkini su "najgladniji" za veze - imaju trostruku vezu (C≡C) između ugljenika. Formula im je CnH2n-2, što znači još manje vodonika nego kod alkena.
Ime praviš zamenom -an sa -in: etan → etin, propan → propin. Etin (C2H2) poznatiji je kao acetilen - koristi se za zavarivanje jer sagorevanjem daje vrlo visoku temperaturu.
Trostruka veza čini alkine najreaktivnijim ugljovodonicima. H-C≡C-H je najjednostavniji alkin, gde svaki ugljenikov atom ima jednu vezu sa H i tri sa drugim C.
Kao i kod alkena, ne može postojati "metin" jer trebaš minimum dva ugljenika. Alkini su ređi u prirodi od alkana i alkena, ali važni su u industriji.
Brza provera: Etin (acetilen) + kiseonik = plamen za zavarivanje!
Rešavanje zadataka - korak po korak
Najčešći tip zadatka: odrediti kojoj grupi pripada jedinjenje na osnovu molekulske formule. Evo kako se to radi sistematično.
Za jedinjenje C4H6: Prvo testiram alkane → za n=4 treba 10 H, a imam 6. Zatim alkene (CnH2n) → za n=4 treba 8 H, imam 6. Na kraju alkine → za n=4 treba 6 H, imam 6. Bingo! To je butin.
Drugi tip: crtanje strukturnih formula. Za butan (C4H10) prvo nacrtam lanac C-C-C-C, zatim dodajem H da svaki C ima 4 veze: CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3.
Uvek na kraju proverim: Prebrojim C atome (4) i H atome (3+2+2+3=10). Formula C4H10 se slaže sa datom.
Zlatno pravilo: Testira se redom - alkani, alkeni, alkini. Kad se formula poklopi, tu je odgovor!
Brza tabela za ponavljanje
Evo svega što ti treba za kontrolni u jednoj tabeli:
| **Tip** | **Veza** | **Formula** | **Nastavak** | **Primer** |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alkani | C-C | CnH2n+2 | -an | Etan (C2H6) |
| Alkeni | C=C | CnH2n | -en | Eten (C2H4) |
| Alkini | C≡C | CnH2n-2 | -in | Etin (C2H2) |
Prefiksi koje moraš napamet: met- (1C), et- (2C), prop- (3C), but- (4C), pent- (5C), heks- (6C), hept- (7C), okt- (8C), non- (9C), dek- (10C).
Ključne reči: Zasićeni = alkani (puni vodonika), Nezasićeni = alkeni i alkini (mogu primiti još H). Ugljenik uvek četvorovalentan!
Alkani su u benzinu i prirodnom gasu, alkeni u plastici, alkini u acetilenu za zavarivanje. Sve što je napravljeno od nafte sadrži ugljvodonike.
Za kontrolni: Nauči tabelu + prefikse + uvek proveri da li C ima 4 veze!
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Where can I download the Knowunity app?
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Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
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Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
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Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Osnove Ugljovodonika: Alkani, Alkeni, i Alkini
Ugljovodonici su osnova organske hemije i nalaze se svuda oko nas - od benzina u kolima do plastike u telefonu. Ova jednostavna jedinjenja od ugljenika i vodonika dele se u tri glavne grupe koje moraš savršeno da poznaješ za kontrolni.
Osnove ugljovodonika
Zamisli da gradiš sa lego kockicama - ugljovodonici su kao najjednostavnije građevne jedinice organske hemije. Sastoje se samo od ugljenika (C) i vodonika (H), a nalaze ih u nafti, prirodnom gasu, benzinu i svim plastikama oko tebe.
Ključna stvar koju moraš da zapamtiš: ugljenikov atom uvek pravi tačno četiri veze. Bez obzira kako izgleda molekul, svaki C mora imati četiri "ruke" koje se drže za druge atome.
Homologi niz je kao porodica molekula - svi imaju sličnu strukturu i osobine, ali se svaki sledeći član razlikuje za jednu -CH2- grupu. To je kao dodavanje još jednog vagon na voz.
Ugljovodonici se dele na zasićene (samo jednostruke veze, "puni" vodonika) i nezasićene (imaju dvostruke ili trostruke veze). Ovaj pojam ćeš stalno koristiti u organskoj hemiji.
Zapamti: Ugljenikov atom = 4 veze, uvek! Ovo je najčešća greška na kontrolnom.
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Alkani - zasićeni ugljovodonici
Alkani su kao "mirne" porodice ugljenika - svi su povezani jednostrukim vezama i potpuno zadovoljni. Opšta formula im je CnH2n+2, što znači da ako imaš n ugljenika, broj vodonika računaš kao 2n+2.
Prva četiri alkana imaju čudna imena (metan, etan, propan, butan), ali od petog člana koriste se grčki brojevi: pentan, heksan, heptan, oktan, nonan, dekan. Sva imena se završavaju na -an.
Evo tabele koju moraš napamet:
- Metan (CH4) - 1 C atom
- Etan (C2H6) - 2 C atoma
- Propan (C3H8) - 3 C atoma
- Butan (C4H10) - 4 C atoma
Prefikse met-, et-, prop-, but-, pent-, heks- ćeš koristiti za sve organske molekule, tako da ih savršeno nauči. Alkani su osnova za benzin i prirodni gas.
Brz test: Za bilo koji alkan, broj H atoma = 2 × broj C atoma + 2
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Alkeni - prvi nezasićeni ugljovodonici
Alkeni su "gladni" za više veze - imaju bar jednu dvostruku vezu između ugljenika. Opšta formula im je CnH2n, što znači manje vodonika nego kod alkana.
Imena se prave lako: uzmeš ime alkana i zameniš -an sa -en. Etan postaje eten, propan postaje propen. Ne može da postoji "meten" jer trebaš minimum dva ugljenika za dvostruku vezu.
Eten (C2H4) je najjednostavniji alken i koristi se za proizvodnju plastičnih kesa. Dvostruka veza čini alkene reaktivnijim od alkana - lakše stupaju u hemijske reakcije.
Kad crtaš strukturnu formulu, uvek pazi da svaki ugljenikov atom ima tačno četiri veze. Kod etena: H2C=CH2 - svaki C ima po dve veze sa H i dve sa drugim C.
Zapamti formulu: CnH2n - uvek duplo manje H nego kod alkana!
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Alkini - najnezasićeniji ugljovodonici
Alkini su "najgladniji" za veze - imaju trostruku vezu (C≡C) između ugljenika. Formula im je CnH2n-2, što znači još manje vodonika nego kod alkena.
Ime praviš zamenom -an sa -in: etan → etin, propan → propin. Etin (C2H2) poznatiji je kao acetilen - koristi se za zavarivanje jer sagorevanjem daje vrlo visoku temperaturu.
Trostruka veza čini alkine najreaktivnijim ugljovodonicima. H-C≡C-H je najjednostavniji alkin, gde svaki ugljenikov atom ima jednu vezu sa H i tri sa drugim C.
Kao i kod alkena, ne može postojati "metin" jer trebaš minimum dva ugljenika. Alkini su ređi u prirodi od alkana i alkena, ali važni su u industriji.
Brza provera: Etin (acetilen) + kiseonik = plamen za zavarivanje!
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Rešavanje zadataka - korak po korak
Najčešći tip zadatka: odrediti kojoj grupi pripada jedinjenje na osnovu molekulske formule. Evo kako se to radi sistematično.
Za jedinjenje C4H6: Prvo testiram alkane → za n=4 treba 10 H, a imam 6. Zatim alkene (CnH2n) → za n=4 treba 8 H, imam 6. Na kraju alkine → za n=4 treba 6 H, imam 6. Bingo! To je butin.
Drugi tip: crtanje strukturnih formula. Za butan (C4H10) prvo nacrtam lanac C-C-C-C, zatim dodajem H da svaki C ima 4 veze: CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3.
Uvek na kraju proverim: Prebrojim C atome (4) i H atome (3+2+2+3=10). Formula C4H10 se slaže sa datom.
Zlatno pravilo: Testira se redom - alkani, alkeni, alkini. Kad se formula poklopi, tu je odgovor!
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Brza tabela za ponavljanje
Evo svega što ti treba za kontrolni u jednoj tabeli:
| **Tip** | **Veza** | **Formula** | **Nastavak** | **Primer** |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alkani | C-C | CnH2n+2 | -an | Etan (C2H6) |
| Alkeni | C=C | CnH2n | -en | Eten (C2H4) |
| Alkini | C≡C | CnH2n-2 | -in | Etin (C2H2) |
Prefiksi koje moraš napamet: met- (1C), et- (2C), prop- (3C), but- (4C), pent- (5C), heks- (6C), hept- (7C), okt- (8C), non- (9C), dek- (10C).
Ključne reči: Zasićeni = alkani (puni vodonika), Nezasićeni = alkeni i alkini (mogu primiti još H). Ugljenik uvek četvorovalentan!
Alkani su u benzinu i prirodnom gasu, alkeni u plastici, alkini u acetilenu za zavarivanje. Sve što je napravljeno od nafte sadrži ugljvodonike.
Za kontrolni: Nauči tabelu + prefikse + uvek proveri da li C ima 4 veze!
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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App Store
4.7/5
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user