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Simple study and revision notes ❤️
12/12/2025
Geography
Tectonic hazards
97
•
12 Dec 2025
•
Understanding Tectonic Hazards: Definitions and Diagrams
Simple study and revision notes ❤️
@studysimplegirl
1 / 4
Tectonic Hazards and Plate Distribution
The Earth's crust is broken into large pieces called tectonic plates that move because the rock in the mantle beneath is only semi-solid. These plates come in two main types: oceanic plates (thinner, younger, and denser) and continental plates (thicker, older, and lighter).
Where these plates meet are called plate margins, and this is where tectonic activity occurs. Earthquakes can happen along all types of plate margins, but volcanoes only form at constructive and destructive plate margins.
The movement of plates is driven by convection currents in the mantle. When oceanic plates meet continental plates, the denser oceanic plate typically sinks beneath the lighter continental plate in a process called subduction.
Did you know? The reason oceanic plates can sink (or subduct) while continental plates don't is all about density - just like how a cork floats on water while a stone sinks!
Types of Plate Margins
Destructive margins occur where plates move together. The heavier oceanic crust subducts under the lighter continental crust, creating friction that causes earthquakes. As the oceanic crust melts, magma rises up, forming composite volcanoes and island arcs.
Constructive margins form where plates move apart. Magma rises up to fill the gap, creating new ocean bed, shield volcanoes, and volcanic islands. These form features like mid-ocean ridges.
Conservative margins happen where plates slide past each other. The jagged edges of the plates catch and snag, creating friction and pressure that builds up until the plates suddenly slip. This sudden movement causes earthquakes, though no volcanoes form at these margins.
Remember this! Think of conservative margins like trying to slide two rough pieces of sandpaper past each other - they'll keep catching until enough force makes them suddenly slip!
Volcanoes and Earthquakes
Volcanoes typically form along specific plate margins and come in different types. Composite volcanoes are found on destructive plate margins and have acidic lava, steep sides, and violent but less frequent eruptions. Shield volcanoes form at constructive margins, featuring basic lava that creates gentler slopes and more frequent but less violent eruptions.
Earthquakes happen due to friction as plates move against each other. Their primary effects are immediate and include fallen buildings, damaged roads, broken pipes, and unfortunately, injuries and fatalities.
The impact of these tectonic events can be devastating to communities, with the most severe earthquakes causing widespread destruction in seconds. The type of damage often relates to the location's development level and preparation.
Challenge yourself: Next time you hear about a volcanic eruption in the news, try to identify whether it's a shield or composite volcano based on its characteristics!
Earthquake Effects and Responses
Secondary effects develop after an earthquake has struck and include tsunamis, homelessness, shortages of necessities like food and clean water, unemployment, and the economic burden of recovery efforts.
When disaster strikes, immediate responses focus on saving lives and meeting basic needs. These include rescuing people trapped in rubble, providing emergency shelter, securing clean water supplies, and restoring electricity.
Long-term responses aim to rebuild communities and increase resilience. These include repairing and improving buildings to withstand future earthquakes, rehoming displaced people, and creating economic opportunities to help communities recover.
Important tip: The most earthquake-resistant communities aren't just those with the strongest buildings, but those with well-rehearsed emergency plans and educated citizens who know how to respond when an earthquake strikes!
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Basil
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This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
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very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
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Xander S
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THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Understanding Tectonic Hazards: Definitions and Diagrams
Simple study and revision notes ❤️
@studysimplegirl
Tectonic hazards are natural events that occur along the Earth's plate boundaries. These include earthquakes and volcanoes that form at different types of plate margins, creating distinct hazards and landscapes across our planet.
Tectonic Hazards and Plate Distribution
The Earth's crust is broken into large pieces called tectonic plates that move because the rock in the mantle beneath is only semi-solid. These plates come in two main types: oceanic plates (thinner, younger, and denser) and continental plates (thicker, older, and lighter).
Where these plates meet are called plate margins, and this is where tectonic activity occurs. Earthquakes can happen along all types of plate margins, but volcanoes only form at constructive and destructive plate margins.
The movement of plates is driven by convection currents in the mantle. When oceanic plates meet continental plates, the denser oceanic plate typically sinks beneath the lighter continental plate in a process called subduction.
Did you know? The reason oceanic plates can sink (or subduct) while continental plates don't is all about density - just like how a cork floats on water while a stone sinks!
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Types of Plate Margins
Destructive margins occur where plates move together. The heavier oceanic crust subducts under the lighter continental crust, creating friction that causes earthquakes. As the oceanic crust melts, magma rises up, forming composite volcanoes and island arcs.
Constructive margins form where plates move apart. Magma rises up to fill the gap, creating new ocean bed, shield volcanoes, and volcanic islands. These form features like mid-ocean ridges.
Conservative margins happen where plates slide past each other. The jagged edges of the plates catch and snag, creating friction and pressure that builds up until the plates suddenly slip. This sudden movement causes earthquakes, though no volcanoes form at these margins.
Remember this! Think of conservative margins like trying to slide two rough pieces of sandpaper past each other - they'll keep catching until enough force makes them suddenly slip!
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Volcanoes and Earthquakes
Volcanoes typically form along specific plate margins and come in different types. Composite volcanoes are found on destructive plate margins and have acidic lava, steep sides, and violent but less frequent eruptions. Shield volcanoes form at constructive margins, featuring basic lava that creates gentler slopes and more frequent but less violent eruptions.
Earthquakes happen due to friction as plates move against each other. Their primary effects are immediate and include fallen buildings, damaged roads, broken pipes, and unfortunately, injuries and fatalities.
The impact of these tectonic events can be devastating to communities, with the most severe earthquakes causing widespread destruction in seconds. The type of damage often relates to the location's development level and preparation.
Challenge yourself: Next time you hear about a volcanic eruption in the news, try to identify whether it's a shield or composite volcano based on its characteristics!
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Earthquake Effects and Responses
Secondary effects develop after an earthquake has struck and include tsunamis, homelessness, shortages of necessities like food and clean water, unemployment, and the economic burden of recovery efforts.
When disaster strikes, immediate responses focus on saving lives and meeting basic needs. These include rescuing people trapped in rubble, providing emergency shelter, securing clean water supplies, and restoring electricity.
Long-term responses aim to rebuild communities and increase resilience. These include repairing and improving buildings to withstand future earthquakes, rehoming displaced people, and creating economic opportunities to help communities recover.
Important tip: The most earthquake-resistant communities aren't just those with the strongest buildings, but those with well-rehearsed emergency plans and educated citizens who know how to respond when an earthquake strikes!
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
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Most popular content: Earthquake
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Most popular content
English - inspector calls quotes and analysis
Quotes from every main character
English Literature10
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user