Subjects
Maths
Chemistry
Biology
English Language
History
Responding to change (a2 only)
Infection and response
Homeostasis and response
Energy transfers (a2 only)
Cell biology
Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
Biological molecules
Organisation
Substance exchange
Bioenergetics
Genetic information & variation
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Genetics & ecosystems (a2 only)
Ecology
Cells
Show all topics
Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
World war one
Britain: 1509 -1745
Show all topics
3
0
Lily Thompson
15/12/2025
Geography
1.2A and B The Theory of Plate Tectonics
128
•
15 Dec 2025
•
Lily Thompson
@lily.thompson
Plate tectonics explains how Earth's surface moves and why earthquakes... Show more
Ever wondered why continents seem to fit together like puzzle pieces? Plate tectonics explains this perfectly! Earth's surface consists of massive slabs called tectonic plates that crawl along at about 2-5 cm per year - roughly the same speed your fingernails grow.
These plates aren't just surface features - they're about 100 km thick and made of rigid lithosphere floating on the softer asthenosphere below. There are seven massive plates (like the Pacific and African plates) plus loads of smaller ones that all fit together in a constantly shifting jigsaw.
The theory started with Alfred Wegener in 1912, who noticed that continents looked like they'd once been joined together. Later scientists like Arthur Holmes figured out that radioactive heat inside Earth drives the whole system through mantle convection.
Quick Fact: It's still called a "theory" because we can't directly observe Earth's interior - but the evidence is absolutely overwhelming!
The 1960s brought game-changing discoveries that proved plate tectonics was real. Scientists found magnetic stripes on the ocean floor that recorded Earth's magnetic field flipping back and forth over millions of years. This palaeomagnetism showed that new ocean crust forms at mid-ocean ridges through seafloor spreading.
Subduction happens when dense oceanic plates sink beneath lighter continental plates at destructive margins. As these plates descend, they create earthquakes at depths from 10 km to 400 km deep, following the sinking slab's path.
Two main forces drive this movement: gravitational sliding occurs because constructive margins sit higher up, creating slopes that plates slide down. Slab pull is even more powerful - cold, dense oceanic plates literally pull themselves into the mantle under their own weight.
Remember: All this movement is powered by Earth's internal heat engine from radioactive decay!
Think of Earth like a layered cake that's been heated from the inside. Radioactive isotopes like uranium-238 in the core and mantle pump out massive amounts of heat that flow towards the surface. This creates convection currents in the mantle - similar to how soup bubbles and flows when you heat it.
The mantle isn't liquid, but it's so hot that solid rock can flow incredibly slowly over millions of years. This dynamic system drives everything - most earthquakes and volcanoes occur right where these convection currents rise (at constructive boundaries) or sink (at destructive boundaries).
Earth's layers work like this: thin crust on top, thick flowing mantle, liquid outer core, and solid inner core. The mantle's convection currents are the engine that moves all the plates around.
Key Point: Earth's interior is dynamic, not static - it's constantly moving and changing!
Conservative plate boundaries are where plates slide past each other horizontally rather than colliding or separating. These transform faults often connect sections of other boundaries in a zigzag pattern across Earth's surface.
California's famous San Andreas fault is the perfect example - it's part of a massive transform system that creates frequent, shallow earthquakes. Because these earthquakes have shallow focal depths, they can be incredibly destructive even when they're not the highest magnitude.
Unlike other boundary types, transform zones don't produce volcanic activity. The plates aren't creating new crust or destroying old crust - they're just grinding past each other, building up stress until it's released as earthquakes.
Reality Check: These "conservative" boundaries are anything but peaceful - they're responsible for some of the world's most devastating earthquakes!
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Lily Thompson
@lily.thompson
Plate tectonics explains how Earth's surface moves and why earthquakes and volcanoes happen where they do. This theory revolutionised our understanding of the planet by showing that massive chunks of rock (tectonic plates) constantly shift around on a layer of... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Ever wondered why continents seem to fit together like puzzle pieces? Plate tectonics explains this perfectly! Earth's surface consists of massive slabs called tectonic plates that crawl along at about 2-5 cm per year - roughly the same speed your fingernails grow.
These plates aren't just surface features - they're about 100 km thick and made of rigid lithosphere floating on the softer asthenosphere below. There are seven massive plates (like the Pacific and African plates) plus loads of smaller ones that all fit together in a constantly shifting jigsaw.
The theory started with Alfred Wegener in 1912, who noticed that continents looked like they'd once been joined together. Later scientists like Arthur Holmes figured out that radioactive heat inside Earth drives the whole system through mantle convection.
Quick Fact: It's still called a "theory" because we can't directly observe Earth's interior - but the evidence is absolutely overwhelming!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The 1960s brought game-changing discoveries that proved plate tectonics was real. Scientists found magnetic stripes on the ocean floor that recorded Earth's magnetic field flipping back and forth over millions of years. This palaeomagnetism showed that new ocean crust forms at mid-ocean ridges through seafloor spreading.
Subduction happens when dense oceanic plates sink beneath lighter continental plates at destructive margins. As these plates descend, they create earthquakes at depths from 10 km to 400 km deep, following the sinking slab's path.
Two main forces drive this movement: gravitational sliding occurs because constructive margins sit higher up, creating slopes that plates slide down. Slab pull is even more powerful - cold, dense oceanic plates literally pull themselves into the mantle under their own weight.
Remember: All this movement is powered by Earth's internal heat engine from radioactive decay!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Think of Earth like a layered cake that's been heated from the inside. Radioactive isotopes like uranium-238 in the core and mantle pump out massive amounts of heat that flow towards the surface. This creates convection currents in the mantle - similar to how soup bubbles and flows when you heat it.
The mantle isn't liquid, but it's so hot that solid rock can flow incredibly slowly over millions of years. This dynamic system drives everything - most earthquakes and volcanoes occur right where these convection currents rise (at constructive boundaries) or sink (at destructive boundaries).
Earth's layers work like this: thin crust on top, thick flowing mantle, liquid outer core, and solid inner core. The mantle's convection currents are the engine that moves all the plates around.
Key Point: Earth's interior is dynamic, not static - it's constantly moving and changing!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Conservative plate boundaries are where plates slide past each other horizontally rather than colliding or separating. These transform faults often connect sections of other boundaries in a zigzag pattern across Earth's surface.
California's famous San Andreas fault is the perfect example - it's part of a massive transform system that creates frequent, shallow earthquakes. Because these earthquakes have shallow focal depths, they can be incredibly destructive even when they're not the highest magnitude.
Unlike other boundary types, transform zones don't produce volcanic activity. The plates aren't creating new crust or destroying old crust - they're just grinding past each other, building up stress until it's released as earthquakes.
Reality Check: These "conservative" boundaries are anything but peaceful - they're responsible for some of the world's most devastating earthquakes!
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
3
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore the key evidence supporting the theory of continental drift, including tectonic plates, paleomagnetism, fossil distribution, and ancient glaciations. This summary is tailored for OCR A Level/AS Level geography students, providing essential facts and statistics for exam preparation.
GeographyExplore the formation and characteristics of hot spots in geology. This summary covers the definition of hot spots, their role in volcanic activity, and their impact on tectonic plate movements. Key examples include the Hawaiian Islands and Iceland, illustrating how magma plumes create rift valleys and submarine volcanoes. Ideal for CCEA A2 Physical Geography students studying plate tectonics.
GeographyExplore the fundamental concepts of plate tectonics, including tectonic processes, plate boundaries (convergent, divergent, and transform), and the geological features they create. This summary covers key topics such as seafloor spreading, subduction zones, and tectonic hazards, tailored for CCEA Level Geography A21 students.
GeographyExplore the key concepts of tectonic processes, including earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and plate tectonics. This summary highlights the mechanisms behind tectonic hazards, the theory of continental drift, and the significance of paleomagnetism. Ideal for Edexcel A Level Geography students seeking a concise understanding of foundational topics.
GeographyExplore the dynamics of tectonic plates, including oceanic and continental crust, and their role in earthquakes and volcanoes. This summary covers constructive, destructive, and conservative plate margins, highlighting the global distribution of tectonic hazards and processes.
GeographyExplore the complexities of natural hazards in this comprehensive study note. Covering key topics such as tectonic hazards, volcanic activity, tropical storms, and case studies like Typhoon Haiyan and the Haiti earthquake, this resource provides essential insights into risk management and the impacts of disasters. Ideal for A Level Geography students seeking to deepen their understanding of environmental dynamics and hazard responses.
GeographyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology