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Geography

16 Dec 2025

64

8 pages

Exploring Evidence for Continental Drift

E

Ellie Winnen @elliewinnen

Ever wondered how scientists figured out that our continents were once joined together and have been slowly drifting... Show more

Continental Drift : Causes and evidence 17/09/20

plate tectonics?

nental drift and plate tectonics including:
ucture of the Earth includin

Earth's Structure and Convection Currents

Think of Earth like a layered cake with a hot, active interior that's constantly moving. The lithosphere (the solid outer layer including continents and ocean floors) sits on top of the asthenosphere, which is hot and flows like thick treacle.

Here's how it works radioactive decay in Earth's core creates massive heat, causing warm magma plumes to rise through the mantle. When these plumes reach the lithosphere, they're forced sideways, dragging pieces of the lithosphere along with them due to friction.

As the magma cools, it sinks back down, creating a continuous cycle called convection currents. This process is what drives the movement of our continents - it's like a giant conveyor belt system operating deep beneath our feet.

Key Point These convection currents are the engine that powers continental drift, moving entire landmasses just a few centimetres each year!

Continental Drift : Causes and evidence 17/09/20

plate tectonics?

nental drift and plate tectonics including:
ucture of the Earth includin

Sea Floor Spreading

Sea floor spreading happens at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is constantly being born through volcanic activity. It's one of the most important processes proving that our planet's surface is always changing.

The process is quite straightforward magma erupts from rift valleys at ocean ridges, cools to form new rock, then gets pushed away as more new rock forms behind it. Eventually, this oceanic crust meets continental crust at deep ocean trenches.

When oceanic and continental crusts collide, the denser oceanic crust bends downward and gets pulled back into the mantle by gravity - a process called subduction. The evidence for this includes volcanic eruptions, magnetic stripes in ocean floor rocks, and the ages of rocks themselves.

Remember Ridge push and slab pull work together - new material pushes from ridges while old material gets pulled down at trenches!

Continental Drift : Causes and evidence 17/09/20

plate tectonics?

nental drift and plate tectonics including:
ucture of the Earth includin

Continental Jigsaw Fit

One of the most obvious pieces of evidence for continental drift is how well continents fit together like puzzle pieces, especially South America and Africa. When you look at their coastlines about 1,000 metres below current sea level, they match almost perfectly.

The small gaps and overlaps we see today can be explained by millions of years of erosion, sediment deposition, and changes in sea level since the continents separated. It's like trying to fit together pieces of a jigsaw puzzle that have been worn down over time.

This remarkable fit strongly suggests that these landmasses were once connected and have gradually shifted apart over geological time. The match is so precise that it's virtually impossible to be coincidental.

Fun Fact The best continental fit occurs at the edge of the continental shelf, not at the current shoreline!

Continental Drift : Causes and evidence 17/09/20

plate tectonics?

nental drift and plate tectonics including:
ucture of the Earth includin

Fossil Evidence

Fossil records provide some of the most compelling evidence for continental drift. Scientists have found identical fossils of plants and animals on continents that are now separated by vast oceans.

Key examples include Lystrosaurus (a Triassic land reptile found in South America, Africa, India, Antarctica, and Australia), Cynognathus a3metrelongreptilefoundinSouthAmericaandAfricaa 3-metre-long reptile found in South America and Africa, and Mesosaurus (a freshwater reptile found on both sides of the Atlantic).

The fern Glossopteris is particularly important - its fossils appear across all southern continents. These organisms couldn't possibly have swum across oceans, so the continents must have been joined when these creatures were alive.

Think About It How else could identical land animals end up on continents separated by thousands of miles of ocean?

Continental Drift : Causes and evidence 17/09/20

plate tectonics?

nental drift and plate tectonics including:
ucture of the Earth includin

Ancient Glaciation Evidence

Glacial striations and deposits found across multiple continents from the same time period provide another strong piece of evidence. These scratch marks and rock deposits show the direction of ancient ice movement.

The fascinating thing is that based on current continental positions, these glacial movements appear to flow from the equator towards the poles - which makes no sense climatically. However, when you reconstruct the continents as they were millions of years ago, the ice flow patterns make perfect sense.

This evidence shows that continents which are now in tropical locations were once much closer to the South Pole, where massive ice sheets could form and move across the landscape.

Key Insight Ancient ice didn't flow uphill from hot equatorial regions - the continents have moved since then!

Continental Drift : Causes and evidence 17/09/20

plate tectonics?

nental drift and plate tectonics including:
ucture of the Earth includin

Paleomagnetism and Sea Floor Age

Paleomagnetism reveals that minerals in rocks align with Earth's magnetic field when they form, creating a permanent record. Earth's magnetic poles reverse approximately every 450,000 years, switching between normal and reversed polarity.

Ocean floor rocks show symmetrical patterns of magnetic stripes on either side of mid-ocean ridges. These stripes record the magnetic reversals as new sea floor formed and spread outwards.

Core drilling has revealed that the thickest and oldest sediments are found nearest to continents (furthest from ridges), while the youngest sediments are closest to mid-ocean ridges. Remarkably, no oceanic crust is older than 200 million years.

Evidence Check The symmetrical magnetic patterns and age distribution of sea floor rocks perfectly support the sea floor spreading theory!

Continental Drift : Causes and evidence 17/09/20

plate tectonics?

nental drift and plate tectonics including:
ucture of the Earth includin

Mountain Chains and Geological Matching

When continents are reconstructed in their ancient positions, mountain chains and geological features line up perfectly across what are now ocean basins. The Caledonian mountain belt is a prime example, stretching across Scotland, Ireland, Scandinavia, and eastern North America.

These mountain belts formed during ancient orogenies mountainbuildingeventsmountain-building events like the Acadian orogeny, when landmasses collided. Today, these matching geological structures are found on separate continents, showing they were once continuous.

Areas called cratons (ancient stable rock formations) and younger mountain belts also match across continents when fitted together, creating a coherent geological history that spans hundreds of millions of years.

Amazing Fact Mountain ranges that are now thousands of miles apart were once part of the same continuous chain!

Continental Drift : Causes and evidence 17/09/20

plate tectonics?

nental drift and plate tectonics including:
ucture of the Earth includin

Additional Geological Evidence

The geological similarities extend beyond mountain chains to include matching rock types and ages across continents. Pieces of Canada, Scotland, England, and Greenland share identical geological characteristics despite being widely separated today.

Interestingly, the UK contains vast coal deposits, but coal only forms in tropical climates near the equator. This suggests that Britain was once positioned much further south in a tropical zone, supporting the continental drift theory.

The distribution of cratons and younger mountain belts creates coherent patterns when continents are reassembled, showing that Earth's geological history makes sense only when we account for continental movement.

Climate Clue Finding tropical coal deposits in cold climates is like finding penguin fossils in the Sahara - it tells us things have moved!

We thought you’d never ask...

What is the Knowunity AI companion?

Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.

Where can I download the Knowunity app?

You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.

Is Knowunity really free of charge?

That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.

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Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines

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Explore the key concepts of tectonic processes, including earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and plate tectonics. This summary highlights the mechanisms behind tectonic hazards, the theory of continental drift, and the significance of paleomagnetism. Ideal for Edexcel A Level Geography students seeking a concise understanding of foundational topics.

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Paul T

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Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

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Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

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Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

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Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

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Xander S

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This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user

 

Geography

64

16 Dec 2025

8 pages

Exploring Evidence for Continental Drift

E

Ellie Winnen

@elliewinnen

Ever wondered how scientists figured out that our continents were once joined together and have been slowly drifting apart? Continental drift theory explains how Earth's landmasses have moved over millions of years, and it's backed up by some pretty convincing... Show more

Continental Drift : Causes and evidence 17/09/20

plate tectonics?

nental drift and plate tectonics including:
ucture of the Earth includin

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Earth's Structure and Convection Currents

Think of Earth like a layered cake with a hot, active interior that's constantly moving. The lithosphere (the solid outer layer including continents and ocean floors) sits on top of the asthenosphere, which is hot and flows like thick treacle.

Here's how it works: radioactive decay in Earth's core creates massive heat, causing warm magma plumes to rise through the mantle. When these plumes reach the lithosphere, they're forced sideways, dragging pieces of the lithosphere along with them due to friction.

As the magma cools, it sinks back down, creating a continuous cycle called convection currents. This process is what drives the movement of our continents - it's like a giant conveyor belt system operating deep beneath our feet.

Key Point: These convection currents are the engine that powers continental drift, moving entire landmasses just a few centimetres each year!

Continental Drift : Causes and evidence 17/09/20

plate tectonics?

nental drift and plate tectonics including:
ucture of the Earth includin

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

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Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Sea Floor Spreading

Sea floor spreading happens at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is constantly being born through volcanic activity. It's one of the most important processes proving that our planet's surface is always changing.

The process is quite straightforward: magma erupts from rift valleys at ocean ridges, cools to form new rock, then gets pushed away as more new rock forms behind it. Eventually, this oceanic crust meets continental crust at deep ocean trenches.

When oceanic and continental crusts collide, the denser oceanic crust bends downward and gets pulled back into the mantle by gravity - a process called subduction. The evidence for this includes volcanic eruptions, magnetic stripes in ocean floor rocks, and the ages of rocks themselves.

Remember: Ridge push and slab pull work together - new material pushes from ridges while old material gets pulled down at trenches!

Continental Drift : Causes and evidence 17/09/20

plate tectonics?

nental drift and plate tectonics including:
ucture of the Earth includin

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

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Improve your grades

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Continental Jigsaw Fit

One of the most obvious pieces of evidence for continental drift is how well continents fit together like puzzle pieces, especially South America and Africa. When you look at their coastlines about 1,000 metres below current sea level, they match almost perfectly.

The small gaps and overlaps we see today can be explained by millions of years of erosion, sediment deposition, and changes in sea level since the continents separated. It's like trying to fit together pieces of a jigsaw puzzle that have been worn down over time.

This remarkable fit strongly suggests that these landmasses were once connected and have gradually shifted apart over geological time. The match is so precise that it's virtually impossible to be coincidental.

Fun Fact: The best continental fit occurs at the edge of the continental shelf, not at the current shoreline!

Continental Drift : Causes and evidence 17/09/20

plate tectonics?

nental drift and plate tectonics including:
ucture of the Earth includin

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

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Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Fossil Evidence

Fossil records provide some of the most compelling evidence for continental drift. Scientists have found identical fossils of plants and animals on continents that are now separated by vast oceans.

Key examples include Lystrosaurus (a Triassic land reptile found in South America, Africa, India, Antarctica, and Australia), Cynognathus a3metrelongreptilefoundinSouthAmericaandAfricaa 3-metre-long reptile found in South America and Africa, and Mesosaurus (a freshwater reptile found on both sides of the Atlantic).

The fern Glossopteris is particularly important - its fossils appear across all southern continents. These organisms couldn't possibly have swum across oceans, so the continents must have been joined when these creatures were alive.

Think About It: How else could identical land animals end up on continents separated by thousands of miles of ocean?

Continental Drift : Causes and evidence 17/09/20

plate tectonics?

nental drift and plate tectonics including:
ucture of the Earth includin

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Ancient Glaciation Evidence

Glacial striations and deposits found across multiple continents from the same time period provide another strong piece of evidence. These scratch marks and rock deposits show the direction of ancient ice movement.

The fascinating thing is that based on current continental positions, these glacial movements appear to flow from the equator towards the poles - which makes no sense climatically. However, when you reconstruct the continents as they were millions of years ago, the ice flow patterns make perfect sense.

This evidence shows that continents which are now in tropical locations were once much closer to the South Pole, where massive ice sheets could form and move across the landscape.

Key Insight: Ancient ice didn't flow uphill from hot equatorial regions - the continents have moved since then!

Continental Drift : Causes and evidence 17/09/20

plate tectonics?

nental drift and plate tectonics including:
ucture of the Earth includin

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Paleomagnetism and Sea Floor Age

Paleomagnetism reveals that minerals in rocks align with Earth's magnetic field when they form, creating a permanent record. Earth's magnetic poles reverse approximately every 450,000 years, switching between normal and reversed polarity.

Ocean floor rocks show symmetrical patterns of magnetic stripes on either side of mid-ocean ridges. These stripes record the magnetic reversals as new sea floor formed and spread outwards.

Core drilling has revealed that the thickest and oldest sediments are found nearest to continents (furthest from ridges), while the youngest sediments are closest to mid-ocean ridges. Remarkably, no oceanic crust is older than 200 million years.

Evidence Check: The symmetrical magnetic patterns and age distribution of sea floor rocks perfectly support the sea floor spreading theory!

Continental Drift : Causes and evidence 17/09/20

plate tectonics?

nental drift and plate tectonics including:
ucture of the Earth includin

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Mountain Chains and Geological Matching

When continents are reconstructed in their ancient positions, mountain chains and geological features line up perfectly across what are now ocean basins. The Caledonian mountain belt is a prime example, stretching across Scotland, Ireland, Scandinavia, and eastern North America.

These mountain belts formed during ancient orogenies mountainbuildingeventsmountain-building events like the Acadian orogeny, when landmasses collided. Today, these matching geological structures are found on separate continents, showing they were once continuous.

Areas called cratons (ancient stable rock formations) and younger mountain belts also match across continents when fitted together, creating a coherent geological history that spans hundreds of millions of years.

Amazing Fact: Mountain ranges that are now thousands of miles apart were once part of the same continuous chain!

Continental Drift : Causes and evidence 17/09/20

plate tectonics?

nental drift and plate tectonics including:
ucture of the Earth includin

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Additional Geological Evidence

The geological similarities extend beyond mountain chains to include matching rock types and ages across continents. Pieces of Canada, Scotland, England, and Greenland share identical geological characteristics despite being widely separated today.

Interestingly, the UK contains vast coal deposits, but coal only forms in tropical climates near the equator. This suggests that Britain was once positioned much further south in a tropical zone, supporting the continental drift theory.

The distribution of cratons and younger mountain belts creates coherent patterns when continents are reassembled, showing that Earth's geological history makes sense only when we account for continental movement.

Climate Clue: Finding tropical coal deposits in cold climates is like finding penguin fossils in the Sahara - it tells us things have moved!

We thought you’d never ask...

What is the Knowunity AI companion?

Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.

Where can I download the Knowunity app?

You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.

Is Knowunity really free of charge?

That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.

3

Smart Tools NEW

Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines

Mock Exam
Quiz
Flashcards
Essay

Similar content

Plate Tectonics Explained

Explore the dynamic processes of plate tectonics, including mantle convection, subduction zones, and tectonic hazards. This summary covers key concepts such as seafloor spreading, transform boundaries, and the historical development of tectonic theory, including contributions from Alfred Wegener and Arthur Holmes. Ideal for students studying Earth's structure and tectonic processes.

GeographyGeography
12

Hot Spot Dynamics

Explore the formation and characteristics of hot spots in geology. This summary covers the definition of hot spots, their role in volcanic activity, and their impact on tectonic plate movements. Key examples include the Hawaiian Islands and Iceland, illustrating how magma plumes create rift valleys and submarine volcanoes. Ideal for CCEA A2 Physical Geography students studying plate tectonics.

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Most popular content in Geography

Most popular content

Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Students love us — and so will you.

4.9/5

App Store

4.8/5

Google Play

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user