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Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
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Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
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2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
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Economics
11 Dec 2025
403
3 pages
Economics might seem like a complex subject, but it's actually about understanding how people make choices in everyday... Show more
Economics is essentially the study of human behaviour and how people interact in society. Unlike chemistry or physics, economics deals with unpredictable humans rather than fixed laws, making it much trickier to test theories.
Ceteris paribus is your new best friend in economics - it's Latin for "all other things being equal." This assumption lets economists focus on just one factor at a time, rather than getting overwhelmed by every possible variable.
You'll encounter two types of economic statements. Positive statements are factual claims you can prove or disprove with evidence, like "petrol prices increased last month." Normative statements express opinions and judgements, such as "petrol prices are too high and unfair to drivers."
Key insight The economic problem exists because humans have unlimited wants but only limited resources to satisfy them - this is called scarcity, and it's the foundation of all economic thinking.
When you choose Netflix over cinema tickets, you're experiencing opportunity cost - the value of the next best alternative you gave up. This concept applies to individuals, businesses, and entire governments making decisions.
Every economy (whether free market, mixed, or command) must answer three fundamental questions What should we produce? How should we produce it? And who gets what we produce?
All production relies on the four factors of production. Land includes natural resources like oil and farmland. Labour covers all physical and mental work that people contribute. Capital refers to man-made tools, machinery, and buildings that help produce goods and services.
Enterprise is perhaps the most crucial factor - these are the risk-taking individuals who combine land, labour, and capital to create businesses and drive innovation.
Remember Understanding these four factors helps explain why some countries are wealthier than others and how economies develop over time.
The distinction between renewable and non-renewable resources is crucial for understanding long-term economic planning. Renewable resources like sunlight, wind, and timber can replenish themselves naturally at the rate we use them.
Non-renewable resources such as oil, coal, and natural gas cannot be replaced once consumed, creating significant economic challenges for the future. This scarcity drives up prices and forces societies to make difficult choices about energy and production.
Think ahead The economic problem becomes even more complex when we consider that some of our most valuable resources won't last forever.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help โ all at your fingertips.
11
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: โ 50+ Practice Questions โ Interactive Flashcards โ Full Mock Exam โ Essay Outlines
Explore key concepts in economic methodology, including scarcity, resource allocation, and the Production Possibilities Frontier (PPF). This summary covers positive and normative statements, the factors of production, and opportunity costs, providing a comprehensive understanding of the economic problem. Ideal for exam preparation and active recall.
EconomicsExplore key concepts of scarcity, economic systems, and the factors of production in this comprehensive summary. This resource covers the nature of economic activity, the role of specialization, and the impact of different economic systems on resource allocation. Ideal for students seeking to grasp foundational economic principles and their real-world applications.
EconomicsExplore key concepts in microeconomics with this comprehensive summary covering positive and normative statements, the factors of production, and the basic economic problem of scarcity. Ideal for A-level students preparing for exams, this resource provides clear explanations and examples to enhance understanding of economic principles.
EconomicsExplore the fundamental concepts of economic scarcity, resource allocation, and opportunity cost. This summary covers the nature of economic problems, types of goods and services, and the role of economic agents. Ideal for students seeking clarity on economic methodology and decision-making processes. Key topics include economic goods, trade-offs, and the free-rider problem.
EconomicsExplore the core concepts of economics, including the nature of economic systems, the problem of scarcity, and resource allocation. This summary covers key topics such as positive and normative statements, opportunity cost, and the factors of production. Ideal for A Level Edexcel A students seeking a comprehensive understanding of economic principles.
EconomicsExplore the fundamental concepts of the economic problem, including scarcity, opportunity cost, and trade-offs. This summary covers key questions such as what to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce, essential for Edexcel AS/A Level Economics. Ideal for students seeking clarity on economic principles.
EconomicsApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because itโs too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didnโt even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as Iโm sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because itโs too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didnโt even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as Iโm sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Economics might seem like a complex subject, but it's actually about understanding how people make choices in everyday life. At its core, economics examines why we can't have everything we want and how societies decide what to produce with limited... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Economics is essentially the study of human behaviour and how people interact in society. Unlike chemistry or physics, economics deals with unpredictable humans rather than fixed laws, making it much trickier to test theories.
Ceteris paribus is your new best friend in economics - it's Latin for "all other things being equal." This assumption lets economists focus on just one factor at a time, rather than getting overwhelmed by every possible variable.
You'll encounter two types of economic statements. Positive statements are factual claims you can prove or disprove with evidence, like "petrol prices increased last month." Normative statements express opinions and judgements, such as "petrol prices are too high and unfair to drivers."
Key insight: The economic problem exists because humans have unlimited wants but only limited resources to satisfy them - this is called scarcity, and it's the foundation of all economic thinking.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
When you choose Netflix over cinema tickets, you're experiencing opportunity cost - the value of the next best alternative you gave up. This concept applies to individuals, businesses, and entire governments making decisions.
Every economy (whether free market, mixed, or command) must answer three fundamental questions: What should we produce? How should we produce it? And who gets what we produce?
All production relies on the four factors of production. Land includes natural resources like oil and farmland. Labour covers all physical and mental work that people contribute. Capital refers to man-made tools, machinery, and buildings that help produce goods and services.
Enterprise is perhaps the most crucial factor - these are the risk-taking individuals who combine land, labour, and capital to create businesses and drive innovation.
Remember: Understanding these four factors helps explain why some countries are wealthier than others and how economies develop over time.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The distinction between renewable and non-renewable resources is crucial for understanding long-term economic planning. Renewable resources like sunlight, wind, and timber can replenish themselves naturally at the rate we use them.
Non-renewable resources such as oil, coal, and natural gas cannot be replaced once consumed, creating significant economic challenges for the future. This scarcity drives up prices and forces societies to make difficult choices about energy and production.
Think ahead: The economic problem becomes even more complex when we consider that some of our most valuable resources won't last forever.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help โ all at your fingertips.
11
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: โ 50+ Practice Questions โ Interactive Flashcards โ Full Mock Exam โ Essay Outlines
Explore key concepts in economic methodology, including scarcity, resource allocation, and the Production Possibilities Frontier (PPF). This summary covers positive and normative statements, the factors of production, and opportunity costs, providing a comprehensive understanding of the economic problem. Ideal for exam preparation and active recall.
EconomicsExplore key concepts of scarcity, economic systems, and the factors of production in this comprehensive summary. This resource covers the nature of economic activity, the role of specialization, and the impact of different economic systems on resource allocation. Ideal for students seeking to grasp foundational economic principles and their real-world applications.
EconomicsExplore key concepts in microeconomics with this comprehensive summary covering positive and normative statements, the factors of production, and the basic economic problem of scarcity. Ideal for A-level students preparing for exams, this resource provides clear explanations and examples to enhance understanding of economic principles.
EconomicsExplore the fundamental concepts of economic scarcity, resource allocation, and opportunity cost. This summary covers the nature of economic problems, types of goods and services, and the role of economic agents. Ideal for students seeking clarity on economic methodology and decision-making processes. Key topics include economic goods, trade-offs, and the free-rider problem.
EconomicsExplore the core concepts of economics, including the nature of economic systems, the problem of scarcity, and resource allocation. This summary covers key topics such as positive and normative statements, opportunity cost, and the factors of production. Ideal for A Level Edexcel A students seeking a comprehensive understanding of economic principles.
EconomicsExplore the fundamental concepts of the economic problem, including scarcity, opportunity cost, and trade-offs. This summary covers key questions such as what to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce, essential for Edexcel AS/A Level Economics. Ideal for students seeking clarity on economic principles.
EconomicsApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because itโs too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didnโt even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as Iโm sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because itโs too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didnโt even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as Iโm sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology