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1 Jan 2026
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Understanding Financial Markets - AQA Economics A-Level Guide
naz
@rigedddy
1 / 3
Financial Markets and Banking Basics
Think of financial markets as massive matchmaking services - they pair up people who want to save money with those who need to borrow it. Banks are the main players here, and their job is pretty straightforward: take money from savers and lend it to spenders.
Banks make money available in three key ways. First, they encourage saving through various accounts and investment products. Second, they provide loans to both individuals and businesses. Finally, they help companies raise money by facilitating the trading of equities (shares) and bonds on capital markets.
When it comes to borrowing, you've got loads of options depending on your situation. Secured loans are backed by something valuable (like a house) that the bank can claim if you don't pay back - think mortgages. Unsecured loans rely purely on your reputation and credit score, so they come with higher interest rates because they're riskier for the bank.
Quick Tip: Always compare interest rates on different loan types - the security you offer dramatically affects what you'll pay!
Types of Finance and Market Structure
Companies have two main ways to raise cash: equity finance and debt finance. With equity finance, they sell shares in their company, meaning investors become part-owners and get dividends when profits roll in. Debt finance is simply borrowing money that must be repaid with interest - either from banks or by issuing corporate bonds.
The financial sector isn't a free-for-all - it's heavily regulated for good reasons. Regulators work to prevent major financial crashes, protect consumers from dodgy practices, and maintain public confidence in the system. Without this oversight, people might panic and withdraw all their money at once!
There are three main types of financial markets you need to know about. Money markets handle short-term borrowing (anything from 24 hours to a year). Capital markets deal with longer-term finance through bonds and shares. Foreign exchange markets let people buy and sell different currencies.
Remember: Capital markets are split into primary markets (for new shares and bonds) and secondary markets (for trading existing ones) - this split makes investments much more liquid!
Foreign Exchange and Bonds
Currency trading happens in two main ways: spot markets for immediate transactions and forward markets for deals agreed today but completed later. Futures contracts are particularly useful for businesses that import or export goods, as they lock in exchange rates and remove uncertainty about future costs.
Bonds are essentially IOUs issued by governments or companies. When you buy a bond, you're lending money and getting regular interest payments (called coupons) plus your original investment back at the end. It's like being the bank for a change!
The bond yield tells you what annual return you'll actually get on your investment. Here's the clever bit: if you pay less for a bond, your yield goes up. The formula is simple: Yield = (Coupon ÷ Market Price) × 100. So if a bond pays £5 annually but only costs £50 to buy, you're getting a 10% yield.
Pro Tip: Bond prices and yields move in opposite directions - when one goes up, the other comes down!
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Understanding Financial Markets - AQA Economics A-Level Guide
naz
@rigedddy
Ever wondered how your student loan works or where banks get the money to lend? The financial sector is basically the middleman that connects people who have spare cash with those who need to borrow it. Understanding how this system... Show more
Financial Markets and Banking Basics
Think of financial markets as massive matchmaking services - they pair up people who want to save money with those who need to borrow it. Banks are the main players here, and their job is pretty straightforward: take money from savers and lend it to spenders.
Banks make money available in three key ways. First, they encourage saving through various accounts and investment products. Second, they provide loans to both individuals and businesses. Finally, they help companies raise money by facilitating the trading of equities (shares) and bonds on capital markets.
When it comes to borrowing, you've got loads of options depending on your situation. Secured loans are backed by something valuable (like a house) that the bank can claim if you don't pay back - think mortgages. Unsecured loans rely purely on your reputation and credit score, so they come with higher interest rates because they're riskier for the bank.
Quick Tip: Always compare interest rates on different loan types - the security you offer dramatically affects what you'll pay!
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Types of Finance and Market Structure
Companies have two main ways to raise cash: equity finance and debt finance. With equity finance, they sell shares in their company, meaning investors become part-owners and get dividends when profits roll in. Debt finance is simply borrowing money that must be repaid with interest - either from banks or by issuing corporate bonds.
The financial sector isn't a free-for-all - it's heavily regulated for good reasons. Regulators work to prevent major financial crashes, protect consumers from dodgy practices, and maintain public confidence in the system. Without this oversight, people might panic and withdraw all their money at once!
There are three main types of financial markets you need to know about. Money markets handle short-term borrowing (anything from 24 hours to a year). Capital markets deal with longer-term finance through bonds and shares. Foreign exchange markets let people buy and sell different currencies.
Remember: Capital markets are split into primary markets (for new shares and bonds) and secondary markets (for trading existing ones) - this split makes investments much more liquid!
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Foreign Exchange and Bonds
Currency trading happens in two main ways: spot markets for immediate transactions and forward markets for deals agreed today but completed later. Futures contracts are particularly useful for businesses that import or export goods, as they lock in exchange rates and remove uncertainty about future costs.
Bonds are essentially IOUs issued by governments or companies. When you buy a bond, you're lending money and getting regular interest payments (called coupons) plus your original investment back at the end. It's like being the bank for a change!
The bond yield tells you what annual return you'll actually get on your investment. Here's the clever bit: if you pay less for a bond, your yield goes up. The formula is simple: Yield = (Coupon ÷ Market Price) × 100. So if a bond pays £5 annually but only costs £50 to buy, you're getting a 10% yield.
Pro Tip: Bond prices and yields move in opposite directions - when one goes up, the other comes down!
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user