Maths
Chemistry
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English Language
History
Responding to change (a2 only)
Infection and response
Homeostasis and response
Energy transfers (a2 only)
Cell biology
Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
Biological molecules
Organisation
Substance exchange
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Inheritance, variation and evolution
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Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
World war one
Britain: 1509 -1745
Show all topics
Criminology
6 Dec 2025
34
9 pages
robyn๐๐ค @rqbny
When crimes go unreported, the effects ripple far beyond just the initial victim. This creates what criminologists call... Show more
Think of unreported crime like a stone dropped in a pond - the consequences spread outwards in waves. When victims stay silent, offenders continue committing crimes without consequences, creating more victims along the way.
This silence breeds fear and mistrust in communities where people start to see criminal behaviour as normal. Families might handle issues privately to avoid the stress of reporting and court processes, but this often means serious problems get swept under the rug.
Key Point The ripple effect shows how one unreported crime can impact entire communities, not just individual victims.
Unreported crime fundamentally changes how society views crime and justice. When certain crimes like domestic violence or sexual assault go unreported, it creates a dangerous stigma around speaking up.
This normalises silence and fear whilst reducing trust in authorities and justice systems. However, communities sometimes respond by building their own informal support networks - think women's shelters or neighbourhood watch groups.
The shared awareness that crimes often go unreported can actually bring communities closer together, creating solidarity amongst those who understand the problem.
Key Point Cultural silence around crime can either isolate victims or unite communities in finding alternative solutions.
Police forces allocate their resources based on reported crime statistics, which creates a problematic cycle. Serious but underreported crimes like fraud or sexual violence receive less attention because they don't appear as frequently in the data.
Meanwhile, resources get concentrated on more "visible" crimes like burglary or theft that people are more likely to report. This leaves victims of underreported crimes feeling abandoned by the system.
On the flip side, focusing police efforts on crimes with strong evidence and reports can improve effectiveness in tackling these specific categories.
Key Point Police can only prioritise what they know about - unreported crimes become invisible to law enforcement.
When crimes are rarely reported, lawmakers may reduce punishments or stop enforcing certain laws altogether. This leaves victims without legal protection and can make offenders feel emboldened.
However, this process isn't always negative. Some outdated laws around behaviours like homosexuality or minor drug use have been decriminalised partly because society no longer views them as harmful.
Decriminalisation can reflect genuine social progress when it removes laws that were based on outdated moral judgements rather than actual harm to society.
Key Point Low reporting rates can lead to laws being weakened, but sometimes this reflects positive social change.
Unrecorded crime creates a "dark figure" - incidents that never enter official statistics, making crime data deeply misleading. Policymakers base decisions on incomplete information, leading to funding and resources going to the wrong places.
This can make crime rates appear lower than reality, which might seem positive but creates dangerous blind spots. Areas might appear safer than they actually are, potentially boosting property values but leaving residents unaware of real risks.
The gap between actual crime and recorded crime means we're often solving problems based on incomplete pictures of what's really happening.
Key Point The "dark figure of crime" represents all the incidents we don't know about - and can't address.
Over time, silence around crime shifts social norms in ways that can either harm or help society. When abuse gets dismissed as a "private matter," victims become isolated and society tolerates injustice.
However, awareness of underreporting can spark powerful social movements. Campaigns like #MeToo emerged partly from recognition that sexual assault was massively underreported, leading to cultural shifts and more openness about previously taboo topics.
This shows how understanding the problem of underreporting can eventually become a catalyst for positive change in public attitudes.
Key Point Cultural silence can be broken - awareness of underreporting often leads to social movements demanding change.
Law is shaped by public awareness and political pressure, so unreported crimes struggle to get legal attention. Without data showing the scale of problems, legal reforms get delayed and weak laws remain unchanged.
But advocacy groups can use evidence of underreporting to push for stronger legislation. Stalking laws and hate crime legislation often emerged after campaigners highlighted how these crimes were going unreported and unpunished.
Understanding underreporting can drive the creation of more victim-centred laws that recognise why people don't come forward and try to address those barriers.
Key Point Legal change requires visibility - crimes that stay hidden can't get the legal protection they need.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help โ all at your fingertips.
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Transform this note into: โ 50+ Practice Questions โ Interactive Flashcards โ Full Mock Exam โ Essay Outlines
Quotes from every main character
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Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because itโs too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didnโt even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as Iโm sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because itโs too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didnโt even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as Iโm sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
robyn๐๐ค
@rqbny
When crimes go unreported, the effects ripple far beyond just the initial victim. This creates what criminologists call a "dark figure of crime" - incidents that never make it into official statistics, shaping everything from police priorities to cultural attitudes... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Think of unreported crime like a stone dropped in a pond - the consequences spread outwards in waves. When victims stay silent, offenders continue committing crimes without consequences, creating more victims along the way.
This silence breeds fear and mistrust in communities where people start to see criminal behaviour as normal. Families might handle issues privately to avoid the stress of reporting and court processes, but this often means serious problems get swept under the rug.
Key Point: The ripple effect shows how one unreported crime can impact entire communities, not just individual victims.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Unreported crime fundamentally changes how society views crime and justice. When certain crimes like domestic violence or sexual assault go unreported, it creates a dangerous stigma around speaking up.
This normalises silence and fear whilst reducing trust in authorities and justice systems. However, communities sometimes respond by building their own informal support networks - think women's shelters or neighbourhood watch groups.
The shared awareness that crimes often go unreported can actually bring communities closer together, creating solidarity amongst those who understand the problem.
Key Point: Cultural silence around crime can either isolate victims or unite communities in finding alternative solutions.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Police forces allocate their resources based on reported crime statistics, which creates a problematic cycle. Serious but underreported crimes like fraud or sexual violence receive less attention because they don't appear as frequently in the data.
Meanwhile, resources get concentrated on more "visible" crimes like burglary or theft that people are more likely to report. This leaves victims of underreported crimes feeling abandoned by the system.
On the flip side, focusing police efforts on crimes with strong evidence and reports can improve effectiveness in tackling these specific categories.
Key Point: Police can only prioritise what they know about - unreported crimes become invisible to law enforcement.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
When crimes are rarely reported, lawmakers may reduce punishments or stop enforcing certain laws altogether. This leaves victims without legal protection and can make offenders feel emboldened.
However, this process isn't always negative. Some outdated laws around behaviours like homosexuality or minor drug use have been decriminalised partly because society no longer views them as harmful.
Decriminalisation can reflect genuine social progress when it removes laws that were based on outdated moral judgements rather than actual harm to society.
Key Point: Low reporting rates can lead to laws being weakened, but sometimes this reflects positive social change.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Unrecorded crime creates a "dark figure" - incidents that never enter official statistics, making crime data deeply misleading. Policymakers base decisions on incomplete information, leading to funding and resources going to the wrong places.
This can make crime rates appear lower than reality, which might seem positive but creates dangerous blind spots. Areas might appear safer than they actually are, potentially boosting property values but leaving residents unaware of real risks.
The gap between actual crime and recorded crime means we're often solving problems based on incomplete pictures of what's really happening.
Key Point: The "dark figure of crime" represents all the incidents we don't know about - and can't address.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Over time, silence around crime shifts social norms in ways that can either harm or help society. When abuse gets dismissed as a "private matter," victims become isolated and society tolerates injustice.
However, awareness of underreporting can spark powerful social movements. Campaigns like #MeToo emerged partly from recognition that sexual assault was massively underreported, leading to cultural shifts and more openness about previously taboo topics.
This shows how understanding the problem of underreporting can eventually become a catalyst for positive change in public attitudes.
Key Point: Cultural silence can be broken - awareness of underreporting often leads to social movements demanding change.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Law is shaped by public awareness and political pressure, so unreported crimes struggle to get legal attention. Without data showing the scale of problems, legal reforms get delayed and weak laws remain unchanged.
But advocacy groups can use evidence of underreporting to push for stronger legislation. Stalking laws and hate crime legislation often emerged after campaigners highlighted how these crimes were going unreported and unpunished.
Understanding underreporting can drive the creation of more victim-centred laws that recognise why people don't come forward and try to address those barriers.
Key Point: Legal change requires visibility - crimes that stay hidden can't get the legal protection they need.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help โ all at your fingertips.
1
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: โ 50+ Practice Questions โ Interactive Flashcards โ Full Mock Exam โ Essay Outlines
Quotes from every main character
English LiteratureApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because itโs too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didnโt even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as Iโm sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because itโs too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didnโt even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as Iโm sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH ๐๐๐ฒ๐ค๐โจ๐๐ฎ
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Classical Civilisation