Page 1: Introduction to States of Matter

This page introduces the three states of matter and provides basic definitions for solids, liquids, and gases. It then delves into the particle arrangement and movement in each state.

Definition: A solid is a substance or object that is hard/firm rather than a liquid or fluid body.

Definition: A liquid is a substance that can flow freely but has volume, with the consistency of water or oil.

Definition: A gas is a substance or matter that expands freely to occupy the whole of a shape, having no fixed form and volume.

The page explains that in solids, particles are regularly arranged and touch their neighbors, moving only by vibrating. This explains why solids have a fixed shape. In liquids, particles are randomly arranged and move freely over each other, allowing liquids to be poured. In gases, particles are widely spaced apart and move quickly in random directions, filling the space of their container.

Highlight: Understanding the arrangement of particles in solid, liquid and gas is crucial for grasping the fundamental differences between these states of matter.

Page 2: Solids and Liquids in Detail

This page provides an in-depth look at the particle arrangement and behavior in solids and liquids.

For solids:

• Particles are packed together tightly in a neat and ordered arrangement
• Particles are held together strongly, allowing only vibration
• Examples include paper, bricks, wood, metal, and ice
• Solids have a fixed shape and cannot flow like liquids
• Solids expand when heated due to increased particle vibration

Example: The particle arrangement of solid materials like bricks demonstrates why they maintain a fixed shape and cannot be easily compressed.

For liquids:

• Particles are quite close together but move with random motion
• Particles can move around and over each other, allowing liquids to flow and be poured
• Examples include water, oil, and fruit juice
• Liquids cannot usually be compressed or squashed

Vocabulary: Compression refers to the process of squeezing or pressing something into a smaller space.

Highlight: The particle movement of liquid allows it to flow and take the shape of its container, unlike solids.

Page 3: Gases and the Particle Model of Matter

This page focuses on the characteristics of gases and introduces the particle model of matter.

For gases:

• Particles move rapidly in all directions, frequently colliding with each other and the container
• Particles are widely spaced and randomly arranged
• Gases can be easily compressed or squashed
• Examples include air and helium

Example: The particle movement of gas in a balloon allows it to expand and fill the entire space of the balloon.

The particle model of matter:

• Almost everything is made of particles, except for electromagnetic waves like light and X-rays
• A particle is a single piece of matter from an element or compound, too small to be seen with a school microscope
• Particles can be atoms, molecules, or ions

Definition: A model in science is used to help explain scientific concepts. The particle model refers to the diagrams used to represent solids, liquids, and gases.