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AQA Chemistry Separation Techniques
18/05/2023
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Separation method Filtration Evaporation Crystallisation What kind of mixture does it separate? It separates an insoluble solid from a liquid. Evaporation is used to separate a soluble solid from a liquid. Used to separate a soluble solid from a solution. Apparatus (a labelled diagram or list) It works as the insoluble solid is too big to pass the filter paper (this is called the residue) but the liquid can pass through it and drops into the beaker below (this is called the filtrate). residue (sand) Mixture (salt and water) filter paper filter funnel clamp It works by leaving your mixture on an evaporating dish and if left then the solvent will conical flask eventually evaporate. This process can happen quicker if you heat the mixture. evaporating dish wire gauze filtrate (water) tripod Water Evoporating dish Once the mixture has been left to evaporate some of the solvent, the mixture can be separated by crystallisation. As solution forms, the solvent can't hold all the solute so it leaves forming crystals. Bunsen burner mixture Bunsen burner Example from GCSE Chemistry -Sand and water -coffee grounds and water -excess metal oxide from reacted metal oxide and acid -salt and water -separating water and dry copper sulfate crystals -separating water and dry copper sulfate crystals Simple distillation Fractional distillation This is used for separating a solvent from a solution. Fractional distillation is used for separating two liquids that are mixed together. This works as when heating mixture the solvent evaporates and boils but the solute doesn't. Then this evaporated water gets cooled and due to condensation as it goes through a cold tube. It gets turned back into a liquid. distillation flask salt water HEAT Thermometer Fractionating Column Round-bottom: Bask thermometer Some liquids mix together...
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Alternative transcript:
like ethanol and water and these are called miscible. These can be separated by fractional distillation as the liquid with the lowest boiling point will evaporate first (and then follows the same steps as simple distillation. The difference between the two types of distillation is that fractional distillation has a long fractionating column to allow liquids to be seperated that have similar boiling points. Bunsen burner cooling water out condenser distillate (pure water) Water out cooling water in Water in Condenser -separating salt from water -separating sugar from water. -separate ethanol from water (alcohol has a lower boiling point than water so will evaporate and condense before liquid separating them out.) -separating different chemicals from crude oil Chromatography It can be used to separate mixtures of soluble substances. It works by samples of mixtures are placed on chromatography paper. The paper is then lowered into a solvent and the liquid soaks up the paper, and goes up the paper. The liquid also dissolves the ink in it and carrys the ink up tha paper too. The most soluble substance in the mixture will travel the furthest up the paper but the least won't go that far up. piece of pin paper beaker ink spot water Simple chromatography Start water 6000 End -Separating inks -separating dyes