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Learning About Tiny Particles and Cool Ionisation Techniques

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Lucy Baines

01/02/2023

Chemistry

A Level chemistry - 1.1 Atomic structure

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Physical chemistry

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Atomic structure

Learning About Tiny Particles and Cool Ionisation Techniques

Mass spectrometry and atomic structure fundamentals guide for understanding particle analysis and electronic configuration.

  • Fundamental particles and atomic structure form the basis of our understanding of matter, including protons, neutrons, and electrons
  • Mass spectrometry techniques, particularly electron impact and electrospray ionisation, enable precise analysis of elements and compounds
  • Electronic configuration and ionisation energies provide crucial insights into atomic behavior and chemical properties
  • Time of Flight (TOF) mass spectrometry allows for accurate mass and isotope abundance determination
  • Understanding electron shells, subshells, and orbitals is essential for predicting chemical behavior
...

01/02/2023

118

|·|-| FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES - Our knowledge and undertanding of adermie staveture has evolved over time. SUB-ATOMIC PARTICUP PROTON NEUTRON

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Page 2: Mass Spectra Analysis and Detection

This page details the separation and detection stages of mass spectrometry, including the interpretation of mass spectra for different elements.

Definition: Mass spectra show the abundance of ions plotted against their mass-to-charge ratio m/zm/z.

Example: The mass spectrum of bromine shows characteristic isotope patterns that help identify the element.

Highlight: The flight tube separation process relies on the principle that lighter ions travel faster than heavier ones when given the same kinetic energy.

Vocabulary: Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

|·|-| FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES - Our knowledge and undertanding of adermie staveture has evolved over time. SUB-ATOMIC PARTICUP PROTON NEUTRON

View

Page 3: Electron Configuration and Orbital Structure

The third page explores the detailed structure of atomic shells, subshells, and orbitals, providing a comprehensive view of electron configuration.

Definition: Electron configuration describes how electrons are distributed in an atom's orbital structure.

Highlight: Shells are divided into subshells s,p,d,fs, p, d, f, each containing specific numbers of orbitals and electrons.

Example: The first shell contains only an s orbital with 2 electrons, while the second shell has both s and p orbitals holding up to 8 electrons total.

Vocabulary: Orbitals are regions in an atom where electrons are most likely to be found.

|·|-| FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES - Our knowledge and undertanding of adermie staveture has evolved over time. SUB-ATOMIC PARTICUP PROTON NEUTRON

View

Electronic Configuration

This section explores the complex arrangement of electrons in atomic shells and subshells. The orbital structure determines chemical properties and behavior.

Definition: Shells are divided into subshells containing orbitals, with each orbital holding two electrons.

Highlight: The filling order of orbitals follows increasing energy levels: 1s→2s→2p→3s→3p→4s→3d→4p→5s→4d→5p→6s.

Example: Special exceptions exist for elements like Chromium CrCr and Copper CuCu in their orbital filling patterns.

|·|-| FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES - Our knowledge and undertanding of adermie staveture has evolved over time. SUB-ATOMIC PARTICUP PROTON NEUTRON

View

Ionisation Energy Principles

The page covers ionisation energy and factors affecting electron removal from atoms. Electron impact and electrospray ionisation differences become apparent in their applications.

Definition: First ionisation energy is the energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms.

Highlight: Nuclear charge, atomic radius, and shielding are key factors affecting ionisation energy.

Example: Increased nuclear charge leads to higher ionisation energy due to stronger attraction to outer electrons.

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1.3 The arrangement of the Electron

Summary of 1.3 for A level AQa Chemistry

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Subjects

Chemistry

Physical chemistry

Atomic structure

 

Chemistry

•

118

•

1 Feb 2023

•

5 pages

Learning About Tiny Particles and Cool Ionisation Techniques

user profile picture

Lucy Baines

@lucybaines

Mass spectrometry and atomic structure fundamentals guide for understanding particle analysis and electronic configuration.

  • Fundamental particles and atomic structure form the basis of our understanding of matter, including protons, neutrons, and electrons
  • Mass spectrometry techniques, particularly electron impact and electrospray... Show more

|·|-| FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES - Our knowledge and undertanding of adermie staveture has evolved over time. SUB-ATOMIC PARTICUP PROTON NEUTRON

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Page 2: Mass Spectra Analysis and Detection

This page details the separation and detection stages of mass spectrometry, including the interpretation of mass spectra for different elements.

Definition: Mass spectra show the abundance of ions plotted against their mass-to-charge ratio m/zm/z.

Example: The mass spectrum of bromine shows characteristic isotope patterns that help identify the element.

Highlight: The flight tube separation process relies on the principle that lighter ions travel faster than heavier ones when given the same kinetic energy.

Vocabulary: Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

|·|-| FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES - Our knowledge and undertanding of adermie staveture has evolved over time. SUB-ATOMIC PARTICUP PROTON NEUTRON

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Page 3: Electron Configuration and Orbital Structure

The third page explores the detailed structure of atomic shells, subshells, and orbitals, providing a comprehensive view of electron configuration.

Definition: Electron configuration describes how electrons are distributed in an atom's orbital structure.

Highlight: Shells are divided into subshells s,p,d,fs, p, d, f, each containing specific numbers of orbitals and electrons.

Example: The first shell contains only an s orbital with 2 electrons, while the second shell has both s and p orbitals holding up to 8 electrons total.

Vocabulary: Orbitals are regions in an atom where electrons are most likely to be found.

|·|-| FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES - Our knowledge and undertanding of adermie staveture has evolved over time. SUB-ATOMIC PARTICUP PROTON NEUTRON

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Join milions of students

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Electronic Configuration

This section explores the complex arrangement of electrons in atomic shells and subshells. The orbital structure determines chemical properties and behavior.

Definition: Shells are divided into subshells containing orbitals, with each orbital holding two electrons.

Highlight: The filling order of orbitals follows increasing energy levels: 1s→2s→2p→3s→3p→4s→3d→4p→5s→4d→5p→6s.

Example: Special exceptions exist for elements like Chromium CrCr and Copper CuCu in their orbital filling patterns.

|·|-| FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES - Our knowledge and undertanding of adermie staveture has evolved over time. SUB-ATOMIC PARTICUP PROTON NEUTRON

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Ionisation Energy Principles

The page covers ionisation energy and factors affecting electron removal from atoms. Electron impact and electrospray ionisation differences become apparent in their applications.

Definition: First ionisation energy is the energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms.

Highlight: Nuclear charge, atomic radius, and shielding are key factors affecting ionisation energy.

Example: Increased nuclear charge leads to higher ionisation energy due to stronger attraction to outer electrons.

|·|-| FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES - Our knowledge and undertanding of adermie staveture has evolved over time. SUB-ATOMIC PARTICUP PROTON NEUTRON

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Page 1: Fundamental Particles and Ionisation Techniques

The first page introduces fundamental atomic particles and mass spectrometry concepts. It explains how Time of Flight TOFTOF mass spectrometry works as an analytical method for identifying elements and determining relative molecular mass.

Definition: Time of Flight TOFTOF mass spectrometry is an analytical technique used to identify elements and determine their relative molecular mass by measuring the time particles take to travel a fixed distance.

Highlight: Two main ionisation techniques are presented: Electron Impact and Electrospray Ionisation, each suited for different types of substances.

Example: Electron Impact ionisation is particularly effective for substances with low molecular mass like CH₂ or CO₂, while Electrospray ionisation works better for larger molecules like proteins.

Vocabulary: Ionisation refers to the process of creating charged particles by adding or removing electrons.

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This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

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