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000 000 How much bigger an image appears than the real object eg Magnification of 100, image looks 100 times bigger than object size of image magnification size of object Smallest size microscope can show 2 = Mitochondria Cell membrane Ribosomes Nucleus • Cytoplasm Mitochondria Cell membrane Ribosomes Nucleus Cytoplasm Vacuole Cell wall Chloroplasts Reaction plants use to make glucose from light, H₂O and CO₂ 1. Sperm - tail to swim 2. Nerve - carry electrical impulses 3. Muscle contract and relax 1. Root hair - absorb water and ions 2. Xylem - carry water and minerals 3. Phloem - carry glucose to cells ACADEMY TRUST Key points to learn 10. Mitochondria 11Cell membrane 12 Ribosomes 13Nucleus 14 Cytoplasm 15 Vacuole 16 Cell wall 17 Chloroplasts 18 Chlorophyll 19 Eukaryotic cells 20 Prokaryotic cells 21 Diffusion 22 Factors affecting diffusion 23 Osmosis 24 Active transport Perform respiration to release energy Controls movement in/out of cell Makes proteins by protein synthesis Controls activities of cell. Contains genes to build new cells Liquid where most reactions happen Sack filled with sap. Keeps cell rigid Made of cellulose. Supports cell Green and full of chlorophyll Absorbs light for photosynthesis Animal cells and plant cells. Have cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus Bacteria. Do not have a nucleus. Genetic material is looped Particles spreading out in gas/liquid Move from high low concentration Dissolved substances like O₂ and CO₂ move in/out of cells by diffusion 1. Difference in concentration (concentration gradient) 2. Temperature 3. Surface area to diffuse through Diffusion of water through partially permeable membrane (surface that only lets small particles through). Moves from dilute solution → more concentrated solution Moves substances from low high concentration. Needs energy Trilogy: B1 Cell structure and transport Collins Revision Guide: Cell Biology Knowledge Organiser Big picture (Biology Paper 1) ACADEMY TRUST Cells and organisation Cell structure and transport Cell division Organisation and the digestive system Organising animals and plants Prefix Mega (M) kilo (k) milli (m) nano (n) Disease and bioenergetics Meaning x 1000000 x 1 000 + 1 000 + 1 000 000 000 Communicable diseases Preventing and treating disease Non-communicable diseases Photosynthesis Background Big or small, all organisms are made of cells. Normally too small to see without a microscope, they are the building blocks of all life: animals, plants, insects, microbes and us. Maths skills Respiration Standard form x 106 x 10³ x 10-3 x 10-⁹ SAMUEL WARD Key points to learn 1. Cell cycle 2. Mitotic cell division 3. Asexual reproduction 4. Chromosome 5. Genes 6. DNA 7. Cell differentiation 8. Clone Process by which body cells divide. Three stages: 1. Copy: Two copies of chromosomes and internal cell structures 2. Mitosis: Copies of chromosomes move and form two nuclei 3. Split: cytoplasm and cell membranes split to make two identical cells Makes two identical copies of cells. Used in growth and repair Form of reproduction using mitotic cell division to make clone cells Contains large number of genes. Made of DNA molecules Human body cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes Instructions for a characteristic Molecules that make genes Stem cells can form different types of specialised cells Most animal stem cells differentiate early Many plant stem cells can differentiate at any time Genetically identical copy of a cell or organism ACADEMY TRUST Key points to learn 9. Stem cells 10. Human stem cells 11. Meristem cells. 12. Specialised animal cells 13. Specialised plant cells 14. Ethical objections Not differentiated. Can become any type of cell that is needed 1. From embryos can become most types of human cell 2. From adult bone marrow can form many cells like red blood cells May be able to help conditions like diabetes and paralysis Issues with use: • Potential spread of virus or immune response Some people have ethical or religious objections Plant stem cells. Can become any type of plant cell at any time Used to clone: ● rare plants from extinction crops with desirable features 1. Sperm- tail to swim 2. Nerve - carry electrical impulses 3. Muscle contract and relax 1. Root hair - absorb water and ions from soil 2. Xylem - carry water and minerals from roots 3. Phloem - carry glucose to cells Related to what a person thinks is morally good or ok Trilogy B2: Cell Division Collins Revision Guide: Cell Biology Knowledge Organiser ACADEMY TRUST Big picture (Biology Paper 1) Disease and bioenergetics Cells and organisation Cell structure and transport Cell division Organisation and the digestive system Organising animals and plants Communicable diseases Preventing and treating disease Mitochondria- Cell membrane Ribosomes Nucleus Cytoplasm Non-communicable diseases Photosynthesis Respiration Background Taste buds are replaced approximately every 10days, skin cells every 14 days and your lungs every 6 weeks. How can this happen and how old are we really? Additional information 8888 Vacuole Cell wall Chloroplasts SAMUEL WARD Key points to learn 1. Sperm - tail to swim 2. Nerve - carry electrical impulses 3. Muscle - contract and relax 1. Specialised animal cells 2. Tissue 3. Organ 4. Organ systems 5. Digestive system 6. Digestion 7. Human digestive system 8. Carbohydrate 9. Proteins 10. Lipids Group of similar cells Group of tissues working together Group of organs which work together in organism A group of organs that digest and absorb food Breaking large food molecules into small soluble ones Mouth Gullet Stomach Liver Gall-bladder Pancreas Small intestine Large intestine Anus Types of sugars: glucose, starch, cellulose. Used for energy Test: Starch turns iodine bluey black Used to make enzymes, tissues and cells. Found in meat, fish, pulses, milk Test: Biuret reagent turns from blue to purple Fats and oils made of fatty acids and glycerol 11. Mouth 12. Stomach 13. Liver 14 Pancreas 15. Small intestine 16. Large intestine 17. Bile 18. Catalyst Key points to learn Chews food, releases saliva Churns food. Partial digestion here Makes bile to be stored in gall bladder Releases enzymes in small intestine Majority of digestion happens here. Makes lots of enzymes 19. Enzyme 20. Lock and key theory 21 Metabolism 22 Protease 23 Lipase 24 Amylase Absorbs water Alkaline to neutralise stomach acid. Added at start of small intestine. Emulsifies fat into small droplets Chemical which speeds up a reaction without being used itself Biological catalysts Like a specific temperature and pH Model showing how enzymes work. Substrates fit the enzyme active site, then react, turning into products Substrate They 'fit' Products Active site Enzyme The sum of all the reactions in a cell or the body of an organism Enzyme breaks down protein. Made in stomach, pancreas, small intestine Enzyme breaks down lipids. Made in pancreas, small intestine Type of carbohydrase enzyme. Breaks down glucose. Made in salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine Trilogy B3: Organisation and the digestive system Collins Revision Guide: Organisation Knowledge Organiser Big picture (Biology Paper 1) ACADEMY TRUST Cells and organisation Cell structure and transport Cell division Organisation and the digestive system Organising animals and plants Disease and bioenergetics 25. Why you can't kill an enzyme Communicable diseases Preventing and treating disease Non-communicable diseases Photosynthesis Respiration Background Have you ever wondered why the human body temperature is 37°C or why the male testes are outside the body? The answer is enzymes. They are also crucial for digestion... Key points to learn They are not alive so can't die. But they will change shape and 'denature' at the wrong temperature or acidity (pH) Each one has an ideal temperature and pH they work best at. SAMUEL WARD 1. Blood 2. Plasma 3. Red blood cells Key points to learn 4. White blood cells 5. Platelets 5. Circulatory system 6. Arteries 7. Veins 8. Capillaries 9. Coronary arteries 10. (Aerobic) Respiration A tissue of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets Yellow liquid that transports: ● Red and White Blood cells Waste carbon dioxide to lungs Urea from liver to kidneys Digested nutrients to cells Biconcave discs with no nucleus. Packed with red haemoglobin that carries oxygen to body cells Part of the body's defence against microorganisms Small pieces form scabs over cuts Transports substances to/from body cells. Made up of: ● Blood Blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries) The Heart Carry blood away from your heart at high pressure Carry blood back to your heart. Use valves to stop reverse blood flow Network of tiny, thin vessels connecting to every individual cell. Substances diffuse in/out of blood Blood vessels that supply heart with oxygen Process by which all living things get energy from glucose and oxygen Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon + Water dioxide SAMUEL WARD ACADEMY TRUST Key points to learn 11. The Heart 12. The Lungs 13. Alveoli 14. Plant organs 15. Leaf structure cross-section 16. Transport within plant 17. Transpiration Organ made of muscle that pumps blood in two loops around body Right (thin wall) Pulmonary artery (to lungs) Vena cava (from body) Ventricles Organs for gas exchange. Take in O₂ release CO₂ Trachea Bronchi Lung Alveoli Left (thick wall) Aorta (to body) Pulmonary vein (from lungs) Thin sac-like structures within the lungs. Covered in blood vessels to help gas exchange • Epidermal tissue • Xylem • Phloem • Guard cells. Leaf-carries out photosynthesis Stem- supports Roots - take in water and minerals Palisade mesophyll Spongy mesophyll Stomata • Phloem - moves sugars • Xylem - moves water and ions. Evaporation from leaf pulls water through plant xylem. Affected by temperature, humidity, wind, light Trilogy B4: Organising animals and plants Collins Revision Guide: Organisation Knowledge Organiser Big picture (Biology Paper 1) ACADEMY TRUST Cells and organisation Cell structure and transport Cell division Organisation and the digestive system Organising animals and plants Disease and bioenergetics Communicable diseases Preventing and treating disease Non-communicable diseases Photosynthesis Respiration Background All living cells need glucose and oxygen for respiration. Getting these ingredients to the organism is only part of the struggle. How do you get them to the cells, keep them and get rid of waste products? This topic finds out Additional information The heart was first labelled from behind. This means the left and right sides are reversed. SAMUEL WARD ACADEMY TRUST Key points to learn Large microbe Living 1. Bacteria 2. Viruses 3. Fungi 4. Pathogens 5. Communicable diseases 6. Malaria Divide by splitting in two May produce toxins to make us ill Cause: • Salmonella - food poisoning Gonorrhoea-sexually transmitted disease (STD) ● Smallest microbe Not alive Live and reproduce inside cells Cause: Measles can be fatal HIV can turn into AIDS Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) affects photosynthesis in plants The other type of microbe. Living Cause: ● ● Rose black spot - affects photosynthesis in plants Microbes/microorganisms that cause diseases Spread by air, contact and water Infectious diseases that can be passed from one person to another Caused by pathogens Is a protist disease. Spread by mosquito bites ACADEMY TRUST Key points to learn 7. Causes of ill health 8. Non- communicable diseases 9. Ignaz Semmelweis 10. Louis Pasteur 11. Vaccines 12. Human defences against pathogens 13. Trachea 14. Bronchi 15. Cilia 16. White blood cells Pathogens, diet, stress, life situations/conditions Cannot be transmitted from one person to another Eg heart disease, arthritis Doctor in mid-1850s who persuaded doctors to wash their hands Showed that microbes caused disease. Developed vaccines An inactive form of a pathogen used to prepare your immune system 1. Skin barrier - covers your body 2. Nose hair and mucus act as trap 3. Trachea and bronchi - covered in cilia and mucus 4. Stomach makes acid to destroy 5. Immune system - white blood cells defend us in three ways Pipe from mouth to bronchi Pipe into each lung Tiny hair-like cells 1. Phagocytosis ingest microbes 2. Produce antibodies chemicals to destroy microbes 3. Produce antitoxins chemicals to cancel-out toxins made by pathogens Trilogy B5: Communicable diseases Collins Revision Guide: Infection and response Knowledge Organiser ACADEMY TRUST Big picture (Biology Paper 1) Disease and bioenergetics Cells and organisation Cell structure and transport Cell division Organisation and the digestive system Organising animals and plants Communicable diseases Preventing and treating disease Non-communicable diseases Photosynthesis Respiration Background Nobody likes getting ill. To better avoid diseases, we need to understand what causes and how our bodies try and defend us from them. Additional information This topic links really well with B6 which is all about how we can further defend against these diseases. SAMUEL WARD Key points to learn Large microbe. Living Divide by splitting in two May produce toxins to make us ill 1. Bacteria 2. Viruses 3. Pathogens 4. Communi- cable diseases 5. Louis Pasteur 6. Painkillers 7. Destroying viruses 8. Discovery of new drugs 9. Placebo Cause: - Salmonella - Gonorrhoea Smallest microbe. Not alive Live and reproduce inside cells Cause: Measles HIV - Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) Microbes/microorganisms that cause diseases Spread by air, contact and water Infectious diseases that can be passed from person to person Caused by pathogens Showed that microbes caused disease. Developed vaccines No effect on the pathogens but do reduce the symptoms of illness. Eg aspirin and paracetamol Is very difficult without damaging body tissue as they live inside cells Medicines used to be extracted from plants and microorganisms eg Heart drug digitalis from foxglove Painkiller aspirin from willow tree Penicillin from mould A tablet with no active medicine content SAMUEL WARD ACADEMY TRUST Key points to learn 10. Vaccines 11. Antibiotics 12. Making new medicines 13. White blood cells An inactive form of a pathogen used to prepare your immune system White blood cells are able to respond quickly to prevent infection MMR is a vaccine against mumps, measles and rubella Medicines that kill specific bacteria. Greatly reduced deaths from bacterial diseases Cannot kill viruses Some bacteria are becoming resistant which is very concerning Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin Need to be checked for toxicity (safety), efficacy (effectiveness) and dose First trials are done using cells, tissues and live animals Clinical trials use healthy volunteers and patient: 1. Very low doses at start of trial 2. If safe, more trials done 3. In double blind trial some patients given placebo 1. Phagocytosis ingest microbes 2. Produce antibodies chemicals to destroy microbes" 3. Produce antitoxins chemicals to cancel-out toxins made by pathogens Trilogy: B6 Preventing and treating diseases Collins Revision Guide: Infection and response Knowledge Organiser ACADEMY TRUST Big picture (Biology Paper 1) Disease and bioenergetics Cells and organisation Cell structure and transport Cell division Organisation and the digestive system Organising animals and plants Communicable diseases Preventing and treating disease Non-communicable diseases Photosynthesis Respiration Background Nobody likes getting ill. To better avoid diseases, we need to understand what causes and how our bodies try and defend us from them. Additional information This topic links really well with B6 which is all about how we can further defend against these diseases. SAMUEL WARD ACADEMY TRUST Key points to learn 1. Non- communicable diseases 2. Causes of ill health 3. Communicable diseases 4. Coronary heart disease 5. Heart failure 6. Faulty heart valves 7. Coronary arteries 8. Cancer 9. Tumour 10. Health Cannot be transmitted from one person to another Eg heart disease, arthritis Pathogens, diet, stress, life situations/conditions Infectious diseases that can be passed from one person to another Caused by pathogens (microbes) Layers of fat build up inside coronary arteries, reducing blood flow and oxygen for the heart Stents used to keep arteries open Statin medicines used to reduce blood cholesterol levels which reduces rate of fatty build up A failed heart can be replaced by a donor heart Can be replaced by biological/mechanical valves Blood vessels that supply the heart Uncontrolled growth and division of cells Lifestyle and genetic factors can increase risks of some cancers Lump or growth in a part of the body State of physical and mental well- being ACADEMY TRUST 11. Malignant tumour 12. Benign tumour Key points to learn 13. Different diseases can interact 14. Smoking and risk of disease 15. Risks of diet, exercise and obesity 16. Alcohol and risk of disease 17. Exposure to ionising radiation Are cancers Invade neighbouring tissues and spread throughout body forming secondary tumours Not cancers Growths of abnormal cells in one area that do not invade other parts of the body A defective immune system can lead to more infections Viruses can trigger cancer Pathogens can trigger allergies Physical ill health can lead to depression and mental illness Carbon monoxide harms unborn babies Carcinogens increase risk of cancers Increases risk of coronary heart disease Increases risk of lung disease and lung cancer Increases risk of coronary heart disease and high blood pressure Obesity can lead to Type 2 diabetes Damages the liver and carcinogens increase risk of liver cancer Affects brain function Passes to and harms unborn babies EM Waves (UV rays, X-rays Gamma rays) and radioactive material Can increase risk of cancers Trilogy B7: Non-communicable diseases Collins Revision Guide: Organisation Knowledge Organiser Big picture (Biology Paper 1) ACADEMY TRUST Cells and organisation Cell structure and transport Cell division Organisation and the digestive system Organising animals and plants Disease and bioenergetics Communicable diseases Preventing and treating disease Non-communicable diseases Photosynthesis Respiration Background A reported 25% of people in the UK are now obese. Around 17% of adults smoke and many more consume alcohol. So, what are the risks of these lifestyle choices? Maths skills Use scatter diagrams to identify correlation between factors. people with flu flu jabs given Using samples to estimate population trends SAMUEL WARD Key points to learn 1. Plant leaf cell 2. Mitochondria 3. Cell membrane 4. Ribosomes 5. Nucleus 6. Cytoplasm 7. Vacuole 8. Cell wall 9. Chloroplasts 10 Chlorophyll 11. Photosynth- esis Mitochondria • Cell membrane Ribosomes .. Nucleus Cytoplasm - Vacuole + Cell wall Chloroplasts Perform respiration to release energy Controls movement in/out of cell Makes proteins by protein synthesis Controls activities of cell. Contains genes to build new cells Liquid where most reactions happen Sack filled with sap. Keeps cell rigid Made of cellulose. Supports cell Green and full of chlorophyll Absorbs light for photosynthesis The process of chloroplasts making their food (glucose) using light The reverse of respiration Absorbs light energy Carbon + Water → Glucose + Oxygen dioxide Endothermic reaction - light energy is absorbed SAMUEL WARD Key points to learn 12. Leaf adaptations for photosynth- esis 13. Rate of Photosynth- esis 14. How plants use glucose 15 Nitrate ions . Big surface area to catch light • Thin- helps diffusion of gases • Chloroplasts - contain chlorophyll • Veins - bring water through xylem and move glucose through phloem • Air spaces - help diffusion of gases • Guard cells- open and close stomata to control gas movement Can be measured by using pond weed and counting number of oxygen bubbles released Affected by light intensity Affected by CO₂ concentration Affected by temperature Rate of photosy- nthesis Rate of photosy- nthesis Light intensity CO₂ Concentration Rate of photosy- nthesis Temperature In respiration - provides energy Glucose + Oxygen Carbon + Water dioxide Store it as insoluble starch Make fat or oil for storage Make cellulose to strengthen cell wall To produce amino acids for protein synthesis and making DNA Also needed to make amino acids Trilogy B8: Photosynthesis Collins Revision Guide: Bioenergetics Knowledge Organiser Big picture (Biology Paper 1) Cells and organisation Cell structure and transport Cell division Organisation and the digestive system Organising animals and plants Disease and bioenergetics Communicable diseases Preventing and treating disease Interpreting sketch graphs Non-communicable diseases Photosynthesis Respiration Background Plants and algae are both amazing as they can make their own food. This process means that they are an essential part of every food chain. Maths skills Additional information The photosynthesis and respiration equations are the same, but the arrow is reversed. This means you only really need to remember one of them! SAMUEL WARD Key points to learn 1. Breathing 2. Aerobic respiration 3. Response to exercise 4 Anaerobic respiration 5. Anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast 6. Enzymes Not the same as respiration. Method of obtaining oxygen from the air Process by which all living things get energy from glucose and oxygen Happens continuously in plants an animals. Provides lots of energy Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon + Water dioxide C6H12O6 + 60₂6CO₂ + 6H₂O 2 Exothermic reaction - gives off heat Occurs within mitochondria in cells During exercise body needs more energy so rate of aerobic respiration increases. This needs: 1. Heart rate increases - blood carries glucose and oxygen faster 2. Breathing rate and volume increases - lungs obtain more oxygen 3. Glycogen stores turned into glucose more glucose available More respiration means you get hotter and may need to cool down Provides energy from glucose if there is not enough oxygen available Called fermentation. Used to make bread and alcohol Glucose Ethanol + Carbon dioxide Biological catalyst. Helps reactions to happen in living things SAMUEL WARD Key points to learn Glucose Lactic acid Much less energy provided than aerobic respiration 7. Anaerobic respiration in animal cells 8. Lactic acid 9. Metabolism 10. Metabolic reactions 11. Metabolic rate 12. Lipids 13. Starch 14. Glycogen 15. Cellulose 16. Urea Leads to an oxygen debt which requires more oxygen after exercise is complete to break down the lactic acid Causes muscles to tire and cramp The sum of all the reactions in a cell or the body of an organism Energy provided by respiration is used in these metabolic reactions to make new molecules Includes these 5 reactions: 1. Turning glucose into starch, glycogen and cellulose 2. Making lipids from glycerol and fatty acids 3. Using glucose and nitrate ions to make amino acids 4. Respiration 5. Turning excess proteins into urea The rate at which reactions happen in an organism Fats and oils Carbohydrate store in plants Carbohydrate store in animals Makes cell walls in plants Waste product from liver Trilogy B9: Respiration Collins Revision Guide: Bioenergetics Knowledge Organiser Big picture (Biology Paper 1) Disease and bioenergetics SAMUEL WARD ACADEMY TRUST Cells and organisation Cell structure and transport Cell division Organisation and the digestive system Organising animals and plants Communicable diseases Preventing and treating disease Non-communicable diseases Photosynthesis Respiration Background It is one of the R's in MRS GREN. All living things do it, all of the time. Every single one of your 10 trillion living body cells are doing it right now. As are the 100trillion microbes living in your intestines! Additional information The five metabolic reactions are all covered in more detail in this course. Remember that they all use enzymes. 'Aerobic respiration' is often known as just 'respiration'. It is photosynthesis in reverse. AQA Trilogy Science Paper 1 Chemistry topics Atoms, molecules and moles Atomic structure The periodic table Structure and bonding Chemical calculations MANOR Chemical changes and energy changes Chemical changes Electrolysis Energy changes CHURCHILL SCHOOL SAMUEL WARD Paper 2 Chemistry topics Rates, equilibrium and organic chemistry Rates and equilibrium Crude oil and fuels SAMUEL WARD ACADEMY TRUST t SYBIL ANDREWS ACADEMY Analysis and the Earth's resources Chemical analysis CNS TGS NEWMARKET ACADEMY The Earth's atmosphere The Earth's resources SAMUEL WARD 1. Atom 2. Molecule 3. Element 4. Compound 5. Nuclear atom model 6. Nucleus 7. Proton 8. Neutron 9. Electron Key points to learn Smallest part of an element that can exist Hydrogen (H) atoms (4H) Two or more atoms chemically bonded Hydrogen molecule (H₂) HHWater molecule (H₂O) (H) Only one type or atom present. Can be single atoms or molecules Both examples of the (N₂) N N Nitrogen element (N) N Carbon dioxide (CO₂) (H) Two or more different elements chemically bonded • Electrons orbit • Protons and neutrons in nucleus • Number of protons electrons © Methane (CH₂) The centre of the atom. Contains neutrons and protons 6 protons +6 neutrons electron proton neutron Charge of +1. Mass of 1. Found inside the nucleus Charge of 0. Mass of 1. Found inside the nucleus Charge of -1. Mass of almost 0. Found orbiting around the nucleus SAMUEL WARD Key points to learn Two or more chemicals not chemically bonded 10. Mixture 11. Separation techniques 12. Electron energy levels 13. Periodic Table 14.Conservat- ion of mass 15. Mass number 16. Atomic number 17. Isotope 18. lon Plum pudding 19 atom model Used to separate mixtures. Ones you need to know: Filtration - get an insoluble solid from a liquid Crystallisation - get a soluble solid from a liquid by evaporating liquid off Distillation - get a pure liquid from a mixture of liquids Chromatography - separate mixtures of coloured compounds Where electrons are found. The shells can each hold this many electrons maximum: 2,8,8 A list of all the elements in order or atomic number. Columns called Groups. Rows called Periods In a chemical reaction the total mass of reactants = total mass of products 6 Neutrons + 5 Protons ¹B Number of neutrons + protons Number of protons 5 Protons Same number of protons different number of neutrons Atom where number of protons is not equal to electrons (+'ve or -'ve) Early model: ball of positive charge with electrons in it Trilogy C1: Atomic structure Collins revision guide: Atomic structure and the periodic table Knowledge Organiser ACADEMY TRUST Big picture (Chemistry Paper 1) Chemical changes and energy changes Atoms, molecules and moles Atomic structure The periodic table Structure and bonding Chemical calculations Chemical changes Electrolysis Energy changes Background Atoms are the building blocks of us, our world and our universe. Everything that we can touch is made of atoms. The Periodic Table organises them into a way that helps us make sense of the physical world. Even though they make everything atoms are mostly (99.9%) empty space. If an atom was as big as Wembley, the nucleus would be pea-sized. Additional information A great deal of this topic is also covered in your Paper 1, Physics lessons during Electricity and Radioactivity. SAMUEL WARD 1. Chemical symbol 2 Reactivity 3. Group 4. Period Key points to learn 5. Mass number 6. Atomic number 7. Ion 8. Mendeleev 9. Metals An abbreviated name for every element. Maximum of two letters always starts with a capital letter How easily an element will react Columns in the Periodic Table. Elements in the same group have similar properties Tells you how many electrons that atom has in its outer shell Rows in the periodic table Tells you how many electron shells that atom has 4 Neutrons + 3 Protons Number of neutrons + protonsi Li Number of protons Atom where number of protons is not equal to electrons (+'ve or -'ve) 3 Protons Scientist who placed elements in order of atomic weight but left gaps for undiscovered elements Have delocalised (free) electrons that can move Metals Atoms lose electrons and become positive (+'ve) ions SAMUEL WARD ACADEMY TRUST Key points to learn 10. Non- metals 11. Group 0 Noble gases 12. Group 1 Alkali metals 13. Group 7 Halogens Have electrons that cannot move Nearly always gain electrons and become (negative -'ve) ions Non-metals He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn Unreactive: full outer shell Boiling point increases as you go down the group Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr Very reactive: only one electron in their outer shell Reactivity increases as you go down the group React with oxygen to give metal oxides eg MgO React with water to give metal hydroxide (alkali) and hydrogen eg MgOH React with chlorine to give metal chloride eg MgCl F, Cl, Br, I Melting and boiling point increase as you go down group Reactivity decreases as you go down the group A more reactive halogen will displace a less reactive one Trilogy C2: The Periodic Table Collins revision guide: Atomic structure and the periodic table Knowledge Organiser ACADEMY TRUST Big picture (Chemistry Paper 1) Chemical changes and energy changes Atoms, molecules and moles Atomic structure The periodic table Structure and bonding Chemical calculations Chemical changes Electrolysis Energy changes Background The periodic table is amazing because it allows us to predict and explain the properties of elements even before they are discovered. Maths skills Losing -'ve charge makes you more +'ve. Gaining -'ve charge makes you more -'ve. Remember Electron energy levels Additional information Where electrons are found. The shells can each hold this many electrons maximum: 2,8,8 SAMUEL WARD Key points to learn Hold atoms together in a molecule after a reaction Metal + Non metal Metal loses electrons and becomes a positive ion. Non metal gains the electrons and becomes a negative ion 1. Chemical bonds 2. Ionic bonding 3. Giant ionic structures 4. Metallic bonding 5. Conductors 6. Graphite 7. Alloys 8. States of matter C1 Na HOLLOJ CI+ Na NaCl Drawing salt (NaCl) High melting and boiling points Conduct electricity when melted or dissolved in water Metal + Metal Giant structures with free electrons moving throughout Key ● No Ocr Na Metals conduct electricity because they have free electrons Non-metal that conducts electricity A mixture of different metals. Which are then harder Solid Liquid Gas SAMUEL WARD ACADEMY TRUST Key points to learn Non-metal + Non metal 9. Covalent bonding 10. Giant covalent structures 11. Small molecules 12. Polymers 13. Particle theory 14. State symbols 15. Graphene 16. Fullerenes Atoms share electrons Four different ways of drawing NH3 Hỗ H H-N-H H N H Examples are diamond and silicon dioxide NH3 is Ammonia XX N Solids. Very high melting points Usually gases or liquids. Do not conduct electricity (s) solid; (1) liquid; (g) gas; (aq) aqueous solution H Long chain molecules linked by strong covalent bonds A single layer of graphite used in electronics Particles are held together by intermolecular forces that get weaker as particles gain energy Used in nanotechnology, electronics and materials H Molecules of carbon with hollow shapes Trilogy C3: Structure and bonding Collins revision guide: Bonding, structure and the properties of matter Knowledge Organiser SAMUEL WARD ACADEMY TRUST Big picture (Chemistry Paper 1) Chemical changes and energy changes Atoms, molecules and moles Atomic structure The periodic table Structure and bonding Chemical calculations Chemical changes Electrolysis Energy changes Background Chemical reactions are a crucial part of all our lives. Without them the Universe as we know it could not exist. This topic considers the three type of chemical bonds. All involve atoms trying to fill or empty their outer shells. Together these bonds are responsible for the wide range of different properties we see around us. Additional information You need to be clear which elements are metals and non-metals (see C2: Periodic table) also a good knowledge of the electron energy levels will help (see C1: Atomic structure). SAMUEL WARD 1. Atom 2. Molecule 3. Element Key points to learn 4. Compound 5. Mass number 6. Atomic number 7. Relative Atomic Mass 8. Relative Formula Mass 9. Mole 10. Solute Smallest part of an element that can exist Hydrogen atoms (4H) Two or more atoms chemically bonded H (H) Hydrogen molecule (H₂) HH Water molecule (H₂O) O Only one type or atom present. Can be single atoms or molecules Carbon Methane dioxide (CO₂) Both examples of the (N₂) N N Nitrogen element (N) N Two or more different elements chemically bonded Number of neutrons + protons H Number of protons (H) (H) (CH₂) 6 Neutrons + 5 Protons 11 В 5 Protons A, The mass number of an atom. Eg A, of O is 16 and H is 1 M, The mass of all the atoms of a molecule added together. Eg M, of H₂O is (2 x 1) + 16 = 18 An amount where either the A, or M, is written in grams. Eg one mole of water has a mass of 18g Solid that has been dissolved SAMUEL WARD ACADEMY TRUST Key points to learn 11. Isotope 12. Numbers in reaction equations 13. Balancing equations 14. Chemical reaction Conservation 15 of mass 16 If mass seems to be lost/gained 17. Concentration 18. Solution Same number of protons different number of neutrons Big numbers in front of a chemical tell us how many molecules/atoms of that chemical there are The number of atoms in the reactants must equal the number of atoms in the products Steps to balance an equation 1) Mg + O₂ → MgO Needs another O on product side 2) Mg + 0₂ → 2MgO add big numbers in front Now needs more Mg on reactants 3) 2Mg +0₂ → 2MgO Only add big numbers in front The table you will have drawn to help Mg: 2 → 2 O: 2 → 12 Reactants →→ Products 'turn into' In a chemical reaction the total mass of reactants = total mass of products Conservation of mass always applies but sometimes the mass of a gas being used/made is missed The mass of solute in a given volume of solution Concentration = mass of solute [g] [g/dm³] volume of solution [dm³] Liquid containing dissolved solute Trilogy C4: Chemical calculations Collins rev. guide: Quantitative chemistry Knowledge Organiser Big picture (Chemistry Paper 1) Y TRUST Atoms, molecules and moles Atomic structure The periodic table Structure and bonding Chemical calculations Chemical changes and energy changes Chemical changes Electrolysis Energy changes Background Want to make enough pancakes for everyone? Then you need to know quantities. Chemical reactions are the same (cooking is a chemical reaction!). This topic explores in more detail. Maths skills Steps to balance an equation: 1. Write down the symbols of each element then count how many are on each side of the equation 2. Leave Hydrogen and Oxygen till last if it's complicated 3. Start with an element that appears in the least molecules first (usually a metal) 4. Only add big numbers to the left of each chemical. You can't change molecules SAMUEL WARD 1 Chemical reaction 2 Oxidation 3 Reduction 4. OIL RIG 5 Reactivity Series 6. Metals and oxygen 7. Metals and water 8. Metals and acid 9. Metal carbonates and acids 10. Metal salts 11. State symbols Key points to learn Reactants Products 'turn into' Losing electrons (or gaining oxygen) Gaining electrons (or losing oxygen) Oxidation is Loss of electrons Reduction is Gain of electrons List of metals with most reactive at top and least reactive at bottom The most reactive metals are most likely to lose electrons Metal + Oxygen → Metal Oxide Eg Iron + oxygen → iron oxide Metal + Water → Metal + Hydrogen hydroxide Eg Sodium + Water → Sodium + Hydrogen hydroxide Metal + Acid →Metal salt + hydrogen Eg Zinc + Hydrochloric → Zinc + Hydrogen acid chloride Metal + Acid → Metal + Water + Carbon carbonate salt dioxide Eg Lead+Nitric → Lead + Water + Carbon carbonate acid nitrate dioxide . Hydrochloric acid makes ...chloride Sulfuric acid makes ....sulfate Nitric acid makes ...nitrate (s) solid; (I) liquid; (g) gas; (aq) aqueous solution SAMUEL WARD ACADEMY TRUST 12. Displacement reaction 13. Ion Key points to learn Neutralisation reaction 15. pH scale 16. Universal indicator 17. Acids 18. Base 19. Alkali 20. Test for hydrogen 21. Test for carbon dioxide 22. Ionic equation A more reactive metal will displace a less reactive metal from a chemical compound Eg CuCl,+Zn >ZnCl + Cu Zn CI + Zn + Cu Atom where number of protons is not equal to electrons (+'ve or -'ve) Acid + Alkali Metal + Water salt 1 - Strong acid 7 - Neutral 14- Strong alkali Turns red in strong acid Turns green in neutral Turns purple in strong alkali Contains H+ ions. Opposite of a base Usually contains OH- ions. Opposite of an acid A base that has dissolved in water Hydrogen makes a squeaky 'pop' when lit with a splint If you bubble carbon dioxide through limewater it will turn milky (cloudy white) lons making neutral product + 20H (aq) Eg Cu²+ → Cu(OH) 2 (s) (aq) Clear → milky Trilogy C5: Chemical Changes Collins rev guide: Chemical Changes Knowledge Organiser SAMUEL WARD ACADEMY TRUST Big picture (Chemistry Paper 1) Chemical changes and energy changes Atoms, molecules and moles Atomic structure The periodic table Structure and bonding Chemical calculations Chemical changes Electrolysis Energy changes Background In the past, scientists would discover reactions by trial and error. This was time-consuming and dangerous. Today we can use patterns to predict the outcomes of a whole range of reactions. This has allowed us to develop new materials and understand reactions that happen inside all living things. Additional information You need to be able to work out how many electrons an atom wants to lose or gain using the periodic table group number. This will be its ion charge. SAMUEL WARD Key points to learn 1. Electrolysis 2. Electrolyte 3. Electrode 4. Anode 5. Cathode 6. Ion 7. Positive (+'ve) ions 8. Negative (-'ve) ions 9. Ionic bonding 10. Group Breaking down a substance using electricity The ionic compound that is broken down in electrolysis. Must be an ionic compound in liquid form (either molten or dissolved in water) Connected to the power supply The +'ve electrode The've electrode Atom where number of protons is not equal to electrons (+'ve or -'ve) Metals and hydrogen. Collect at the cathode (-'ve electrode) Non-metals except hydrogen. Collect at the anode (+'ve electrode) Metal + Non metal Metal loses electrons and becomes a positive ion. Non metal gains the electrons and becomes a negative ion. Na 0-0 -10TO] CI+ Na NaCl Column number in the Periodic Table. Tells you how many electrons in outer shell of atom. Used to work out charge of ion SAMUEL WARD ACADEMY TRUST Key points to learn 11. Half equations 12. Oxidation 13. Reduction 14. OIL RIG 15. Electron shells 16. Aluminium 17. Cryolite 18. Ore 19. Brine 20. Test for hydrogen 21. Test for oxygen Equation showing what happens to electrons at each electrode Eg Lead ions gaining 2 electrons at the cathode to be come lead atoms Pb²++2e →→ Pb Losing electrons (or gaining oxygen) Gaining electrons (or losing oxygen) Oxidation is Loss of electrons Reduction is Gain of electrons Where electrons are found. The shells can each hold this many electrons maximum: 2,8,8 Obtained from molten bauxite ore Extracted by electrolysis mixed with cryolite to reduce melting temperature Used to extract aluminium Rock containing enough metal to be worth extracting Salt water (sodium chloride solution) Can be separated using electrolysis to produce chlorine, hydrogen and sodium hydroxide Hydrogen makes a squeaky 'pop' when lit with a splint Oxygen will relight a glowing splint. Trilogy C6: Electrolysis Collins rev guide: Chemical Changes Knowledge Organiser SAMUEL WARD Big picture (Chemistry Paper 1) Chemical changes and energy changes Atoms, molecules and moles Atomic structure The periodic table Structure and bonding Chemical calculations Chemical changes Electrolysis Energy changes Background Electrolysis is important to our lives as allows us to obtain reactive metals from their ores. It is likely to become even more important over the next 10 years as we separate hydrogen from water for use in fuel cells. Maths skills Balance the charges on both sides of a half equation. You can only add big numbers in front of the number of the electrons eg 20²-4e0₂ Additional information You need to be able to work out how many electrons an atom wants to lose or gain using the group number. This will be its ion charge. SAMUEL WARD Key points to learn 1. Exothermic reaction 2. Endothermic reaction One that transfers energy to the surroundings so the temperature of the surroundings increases Energy A+B Reaction progress Used in handwarmers and self- heating cans Examples: combustion, respiration, oxidation, neutralisation Energy Heat energy released One that absorbs energy from the surroundings so the temp. of the surroundings decreases A+B Energy absorbed Reaction progress Used in cold packs for injuries Examples: Photosynthesis, thermal decomposition, citric acid and sodium hydrogen carbonate SAMUEL WARD Key points to learn Used in a reaction 3. Reactant 5. Conservation of energy . 4. Product 6. Activation Energy . 8. Breaking and making bonds 7. Catalyst Made in a reaction Energy is never created or destroyed it is just transferred from one form to another Is the energy required to start a reaction Chemical which speeds up a reaction without being used itself Reduces the activation energy required to start a reaction This is what happens during a chemical reaction Require energy in to break bonds (Endothermic) Energy is released when bonds are made (Exothermic) Bonds between different atoms need different amounts of energy Additional information Collision theory: chemical reactions occur when particles collide with enough energy Chemical reactions are all due to electrons moving or being shared An enzyme is a biological catalyst Higher Tier content is written in italics Trilogy C7: Energy Changes Collins rev guide: Energy Changes Knowledge Organiser SAMUEL WARD Big picture (Chemistry Paper 1) Chemical changes and energy changes Atoms, molecules and moles Atomic structure The periodic table Structure and bonding Chemical calculations Chemical changes Electrolysis Energy changes Background The interaction of particles in chemical reactions often involves transfers of energy. These produce heating or cooling effects that are used in a range of everyday applications. Maths skills Using bond energies, calculate energy difference in a reaction eg 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O Reactants bond energy (kJ/mol) Bond (2x436) + 498) = 1370 Products bond energy (kJ/mol) = 1856 2x(2x464) Energy released (kJ/mol) 1370-1856-486 kJ/mol Therefore exothermic H-H O=O H-O Bond energy (kJ/mol) 436 498 464 AQA Trilogy Science Paper 1 Physics topics Energy and energy resources Conservation and dissipation of energy Energy transfer by heating Energy resources CASTLE MANOR Particles at work Electric circuits Electricity in the home Molecules and matter Radioactivity CHURCHILL SCHOOL SAMUEL WARD Paper 2 Physics topics Forces in action Forces in balance Motion Forces and motion SAMUEL WARD ACADEMY TRUST t SYBIL ANDREWS ACADEMY Waves and electromagnetism Wave properties CNS TGS NEWMARKET ACADEMY Electromagnetic waves Electromagnetism SAMUEL WARD 1. Energy stores [J] 2. Chemical energy [J] 3. Kinetic energy [J] Key points to learn Chemical energy Kinetic energy 4 Gravitational potential energy [J] 5. Elastic potential energy [J] 6. Energy can be transferred by... 7. Useful energy [J] 8. Wasted energy [J] Gravitational potential energy Elastic potential energy Transferred during chemical reactions eg fuels, foods, or in batteries All moving objects have it. k.e = 0.5 x mass x (speed)² Ek ½ xm x v² = [J] [kg] [m/s] Stored in an object lifted up. g.p.e= mass xgx height Ep = m xgx h [J] [kg] [N/kg] [m] Energy stored in a springy object e.p.e=0.5 x spring x (extension)² constant x K x (You are e² given this [N/m] [m] equation) = ½ [J] Heating (thermal energy always flows from hot to cold objects) An electrical current flowing A force moving an object Energy transferred to the place and in the form we need it. Not useful. Eventually transferred to surroundings SAMUEL WARD ACADEMY TRUST 9. Work done [J] Key points to learn 10. Energy flow diagram 11. Conservation of energy 12. Dissipated energy [J] 13. Hooke's Law and k the spring constant 14. Efficiency 15. Power [W] 16. Wasted power [W] Equal to the energy transferred. When a force moves an object. Work done = Force x distance moved W = F x S [J] [N] [m] Show energy transfers eg for a torch lamp: Chemical Light + Heat Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only be transferred usefully, stored or dissipated. Wasted energy, usually spread to the surroundings as heat. The extension of a spring is proportional to the force on it. The gradient of this graph is known as k, the spring constant. Hooke's law being obeyed Extension Proportion of input energy transferred to useful energy. 100% means no wasted energy. Efficiency= useful total input energy energy Energy [J] transferred in 1 second. Power [W] = Energy [J] + time [s] Total power in- useful power out Trilogy P1: Conservation and dissipation of energy Collins revision guide: Energy Knowledge Organiser Big picture (Physics Paper 1) SAMUEL WARD ACADEMY TRUST Energy and energy resources Conservation and dissipation of energy Energy transfer by heating Energy resources Particles at work Electric circuits Electricity in the home Molecules and matter Radioactivity Background Energy is the capacity of something to make something happen. The Universe and everything in it is constantly changing energy from one form into another. Maths skills You should be able to recall, use and rearrange all the equations on this page except number 5. g is Earth's acceleration due to gravity. It has a constant value of approximately 9.8m/s² You need to remember the units for each quantity. They are in [ ] next to equations. You should be able to calculate the gradient of a Force extension graph. SAMUEL WARD 1. States of matter 2. Solid 3. Liquid Key points to learn 4. Gas 5. Vacuum 6. Metals 7. Non-metals 8. Conductor 9. Thermal conductivity 10. Insulator 11. Friction 12. Lubricant Solid Liquid Gas Particles held together in fixed positions by strong forces. Least energetic state of matter. Particles move at random and are in contact with each other. More energy than solids, less than gas Particles move randomly and are far apart. Weak forces of attraction. Most energetic. No particles at all. Space is a vacuum Have free electrons which makes them good conductors Have fixed electrons which makes them good insulators Is good at carrying heat energy or electrical energy A measure of how good something is at conducting A poor conductor Two surfaces rubbing together Causes energy to be transferred as heat Can be reduced by using a lubricant Fluid (eg oil) that smooths contact points between surfaces SAMUEL WARD ACADEMY TRUST Key points to learn If walls are thin If walls have high thermal conductivity 13. More energy loss from a building 14. Reduce heat loss by 15. Specific heat capacity, C [J/kg°C] 16. Loft insulation 17. Cavity wall insulation 18. Double glazing 19. Foil behind radiator Big temperature difference between inside and outside Using material with low thermal conductivity ie an insulator Make insulator thicker Amount of energy needed to change temperature of 1kg by 1°C E = mc 0 ● E: Change in (You are given this equation) energy [J] m: mass of object c: specific heat capacity 0: change in temperature [°C] Objects with high specific heat capacity take a long time to heat up and cool down. They are good at storing heat energy. Fibreglass which traps air which is a good insulator. Traps air pockets in gaps which is a good insulator Traps air in gaps between glass which is a good insulator Reflects heat away from wall back into room Trilogy P2: Energy transfer by heating Collins revision guide: Energy Knowledge Organiser Big picture (Physics Paper 1) SAMUEL WARD ACADEMY TRUST Energy and energy resources Conservation and dissipation of energy Energy transfer by heating Energy resources Particles at work Electric circuits Electricity in the home Molecules and matter Radioactivity Background Not wasting heat energy in your home is important for the environment and for your finances. This topic will help you make more informed decisions so that you can save even more. C = Maths skills You should be able to use the specific heat capacity equation to find energy change and the specific heat capacity when given all other variables. Rearranging to make c the subject: E m 0 SAMUEL WARD 1.Fuel 2. Fossil fuels Key points to learn 3. Non- renewable 4. Renewable fuels 5. Biofuel 6. Burning fuels Substance that we burn to release heat energy Stores chemical energy Coal, oil and gas Remains of ancient organisms. Millions of years to form. Are non-renewable Release carbon dioxide when burnt Are used quicker than they are made. So will run out. Made quicker than they are used. Will not run out These energy sources are renewable: Biofuel Wind and Wave ● Geothermal Hydroelectric and Tidal Solar Fuel made from living organisms eg vegetable oil, ethanol, wood . ● Are considered carbon-neutral because CO₂ released is balanced by amount taken in by photosynthesis Reliable can even be used fossil fuel power stations Reduces land available for food growth Renewable Releases carbon dioxide which contributes to the greenhouse effect and global warming. SAMUEL WARD Key points to learn 7. Decommission 8. Wind and wave power 9. Geothermal power 10. Hydroelectric and Tidal power 11. Solar power 12. Nuclear fuel Take apart and make safe at the end of its life Kinetic energy of the air/water turns turbines Unreliable as both need wind Renewable Use heat energy from deep underground instead of fuel Not available everywhere Renewable Water stored high up in dams then released to spin a turbine Very quick start-up time Can destroy habitats for animals Renewable Use light or heat energy from the Sun Unreliable as needs sun Renewable Energy stored in nucleus as nuclear energy. Uranium or Plutonium. Heat release in reactor core High energy yield Very slow start-up time as potentially dangerous Fuel and waste is radioactive Very expensive to set up and decommission Trilogy P3: Energy Resources Collins revision guide: Energy Knowledge Organiser Big picture (Physics Paper 1) ACADEMY TRUST Energy and energy resources Conservation and dissipation of energy Energy transfer by heating Energy resources Particles at work Electric circuits Electricity in the home Molecules and matter Radioactivity Background It is hard to imagine a World without electricity. It reaches into every aspect of our lives. But where do we get the energy to make it from? Will they run out? Have we got a backup plan? Additional To make electricity, we usually spin a turbine which we then attach to a generator. Making that turbine spin, is the problem... The most common way is by burning fuels to boil water, then shooting the steam at the turbine. But there are issues with this, as you will find out. SAMUEL WARD 1. Diode 2. Resistor (Ohmic conductor) 3. Variable resistor 4. LED Key points to learn I 5. Lamp 6. Thermistor 7. LDR V Current only flows one way. Very high resistance in other direction. I Resistance stays constant. Current proportional to pd. Resistance can be set by a human. Used in dimmer switches. A diode that gives off light. I Resistance increases as the temperature increases. + R V Resistance decreases as the temperature increases. Used in thermostats. V Temperature Light intensity Resistance decreases as the light intensity increases (gets brighter). Used in automatic lights. SAMUEL WARD 8. Cell and battery 9. Current, I 10. Charge, Q 11. Potential difference, V 12.Resistance R 13. Series circuit Key points to learn 14. Parallel circuit 15. Voltmeter 16. Ammeter 17. Fuse Provides the potential difference (pd) and energy for a circuit. Battery Cell Rate of flow of electrical charge. Measured in Amps (A) Measured in Coulombs (C) pd. Energy transferred per unit charge. Measured in Volts (V) Ability to slow current. Measured in Ohms (22) Current has only one route. Current is the same all the way around. Potential difference is shared across components. Resistances are added together. Current has different paths it could take. Current is shared through each branch. Potential difference is the same across each branch. Total resistance is lower than the smallest single resistor. Measures pd across a component Measures current through a component Resistor that melts if current is too high. V A Trilogy P4: Electric circuits Collins revision guide: Electricity Knowledge Organiser Big picture (Physics Paper 1) Energy and energy resources SAMUEL WARD ACADEMY TRUST Conservation and dissipation of energy Energy transfer by heating Energy resources Particles at work Background Electrical power fills the modern world with light and sound, information and entertainment, remote sensing and control. Its use was identified and explored by scientists of the 19th century but it becomes more important every day. Q = I x t Charge Current x time [C] [A] [s] Electric circuits Electricity in the home Molecules and matter Radioactivity V Maths skills = I x R Potential difference = Current x Resistance [A] [V] [Ω] (You need to be able to remember and use these) SAMUEL WARD 1. ac 2. dc Key points to learn Alternating current Found in mains 3. UK mains 4. Power, P 5. Potential difference, V 6. Energy transferred, E 7. Energy transfer diagram 8. Work done, E 9. National grid 10. Step-up transformer 11. Step-down transformer Has an alternating potential difference (voltage) negative to positive. Direct current Found in batteries Has a constant potential difference (voltage) A time AC supply of 230Volts and frequency of 50Hz Energy [J] transferred in one second. Measured in Watts (W) time Also known as voltage. Measured in volts (V) Depends on the power of the appliance and the time it is on for. Also called work done. Energy Useful + Wasted input energy energy System of cables and transformers. Energy transferred when current flows in a circuit. Increase potential difference so that less heat energy is wasted. Decrease potential difference to make electric more easily used. SAMUEL WARD 12. Current, I 13. Resistance, R Key points to learn Measured in Amps (A) 14. Live wire 15. Neutral wire 16. Earth wire 17.Electrical plug P power [W] P power [W] = = Measured in ohms (22) Brown. Connects to fuse. Carries the alternating potential difference from the supply. About 230V. Blue wire Completes the circuit. Around OV Green and yellow striped wire. Carries current safely to Earth if there is a fault. Normally OV. Made of plastic as it is a good insulator. Earth wire Neutral wire Bottom left (Blue) Live wire Bottom right (Brown) Through fuse V X I = potential difference x current [V] [A] I² X R current² x resistance [A] [Ω] Trilogy P5: Electricity in the home Collins revision guide: Electricity Knowledge Organiser SAMUEL WARD ACADEMY TRUST ● Big picture (Physics Paper 1) Energy and energy resources ● Conservation and dissipation of energy Energy transfer by heating Energy resources Particles at work Electric circuits Electricity in the home Mo Background We use electricity in all aspects of modern life. But how is it moved from power stations to our homes and then to our devices? This topic answers that question as well as investigating how power companies measure our electricity usage. = E Px t Work done = Power x time [J] [W] [s] [kWh] [kW] [hr] and matter Radioactivity Maths skills (You need to remember and be able to use all of the equations on this sheet.) V = X E Q Work done = Charge flow x potential difference [J] [V] [C] SAMUEL WARD 1. Mass, m 2. Volume, V Key points to learn 3. Density, P 4. Floating 5. Sinking 6 Evaporation 7 Sublimation 8. Solid 9. Liquid 10. Gas Amount of matter in something. Measured in kg Amount of space something takes up. Measured in m³ Volume of a cuboid = wxdxh h Volume of an irregular object can be found by dropping in a liquid and measuring displacement. W mass volume Mass per unit volume. Measured in kg/m³ density = An object that has a lower density than the fluid will float An object that has a higher density than the fluid will sink d Happens at any temperature Solid turns straight into gas Particles held together in fixed positions by strong forces. Least energetic state of matter. Particles move at random and are in contact with each other. More energy than solids, less than gas Particles move randomly and are far apart. Weak forces of attraction. Most energetic. SAMUEL WARD Key points to learn 11. Melting point 12. Boiling point Condensation 13. point 14. Freezing point 15. Latent heat 16. Specific latent heat of fusion 17. Specific latent heat of vaporisation 18. At state changes... 19. Heating and cooling curves 20. Gas pressure Temperature when solid turns into liquid. Same as freezing point. Temperature when liquid turns into gas. Same as condensation point. Temperature when gas turns into liquid. Same as boiling point. Temperature when liquid turns into solid. Same as melting point. Energy transferred when a substance changes state but temperature doesn't change Energy needed to melt 1kg of solid into liquid Energy needed to boil 1kg of liquid into gas Temperature and kinetic energy of particles stays constant. Internal energy increases due to an increase in potential energy as particles move further apart All gas All liquid All solid All gas All liquid. All solid time Caused by particles hitting surfaces. Increases when temperature increases time Trilogy: Molecules and matter Collins rev guide: Particle model of matter Knowledge Organiser Big picture (Physics Paper 1) Energy and energy resources SAMUEL WARD ACADEMY TRUST Conservation and dissipation of energy Energy transfer by heating Energy resources [kg/m³] P = Particles at work Background The particle model is widely used to predict the behaviour of solids, liquids and gases. It helps us to design vehicles from submarines to spacecraft. It even explains why it is difficult to make a good cup of tea high up a mountain! Maths skills density mass Volume m [kg] [m³] Latent heat: Energy Electric circuits Electricity in the home Molecules and matter Radioactivity (You need to remember this.) = mass x specific latent heat E = mx L [J] [kg] [J/kg] (You are given this) SAMUEL WARD Key points to learn 1. Radioactive decay 2. Random event 3. Ionising 4. Alpha particle (a) He 5. Beta particle (B) -ie 6. Gamma ray (Y) 7. Neutron (n) Unstable nuclei emitting a type of radiation (a, ß, y or neutron) You cannot predict or change when decay might happen. The ability to charge atoms Two neutrons and two protons. The same as a helium nucleus. Stopped by paper or skin. Range of a couple of cm in air Highly ionising: has charge of +2 Parent atom mass drops by 4 and atomic number drops by 2. A high speed electron made when a neutron turns into a proton. Stopped by thin aluminium. Range of up to one metre. Mid ionising: has charge of -1. Parent atom mass remains same and atomic number rises by 1 An electromagnetic wave. Stopped by thick lead. Unlimited range. Low ionising: has no charge. Parent atom mass and atomic number remains same. Neutron ejected from the nucleus SAMUEL WARD Key points to learn 8. Activity 9. Irradiated 10. Radioactive contamination 11 Geiger counter 12. Half-life 13. Nuclear model of the atom 14. Mass number 15. Atomic number 16. Isotope 17. Ion 18. Plum pudding atom model 19. Bohr Model 20. Chadwick Rate of unstable nuclei decay. Measured in Becquerel (Bq) Exposed to radiation but does not become radioactive. Unwanted presence of radioactive material. Nuclear radiation detector. Time it takes for the radioactive nuclei to halve. Or, the time it takes for the activity to halve. Activity (Bq) O 10 g Half-life = 1s 2.50 1.25g Time (s) Very small, radius of 1x10-10m Most of mass in the nucleus. Number of electrons = protons Number of neutrons + protons 2 Ⓒ.625 g Number of protons Same number of protons different number of neutrons. He Atom where number of protons is not equal to electrons (+'ve or - 've) Early model: ball of positive charge with electrons stuck in it. Idea that electrons have to be at certain distances from nucleus. Discovered neutrons Trilogy P6: Radioactivity Collins rev guide: Atomic Structure Knowledge Organiser Big picture (Physics Paper 1) Energy and energy resources SAMUEL WARD ACADEMY TRUST Conservation and dissipation of energy Energy transfer by heating Energy resources Particles at work Background Researched by Henri Becquerel and Marie Curie around 1900 it remains mysterious and frightening. Electric circuits Electricity in the home Molecules and matter Radioactivity Finding Half-life using a graph Find how long It takes until you have half what you started with Maths skills Nuclear decay equations: Balance top and bottom numbers on RHS and LHS. 226Ra → He +22²Rn 88 Radioactive Atom 1 kg Wkg kg 3240 4860 Energy Radiation 20 Particle Years AQA Trilogy Science Paper 1 Biology topics Cells and organisation Cell structure and transport Cell division Organisation and the digestive system Organising animals and plants CASTLE MANOR Disease and bioenergetics Communicable diseases Preventing and treating disease Non-communicable diseases Photosynthesis Respiration CHURCHILL SCHOOL Paper 2 Biology topics Biological response The human nervous system Hormonal coordination SAMUEL WARD CNS TGS NEWMARKET ACADEMY SAMUEL WARD ACADEMY TRUST Ecology Adaptations, interdependence and competition Organising an ecosystem Biodiversity and ecosystems. SYBIL ANDREWS ACADEMY Genetics and reproduction Reproduction Variation and evolution Genetics and evolution SAMUEL WARD Key points to learn 1. Catalyst 5. 2. Enzyme 3. Homeostasis 4. Receptors Coordination centres 6. Effectors 7. Pancreas 8. Glands 9. Stimuli 10. Neuron Increase rate of reaction without being used up themselves Biological catalysts. Work at a specific temperature and Ph Automatic control of conditions inside a cell or organism so that enzymes and cells work effectively In the human body it controls: 1. Blood glucose concentration 2. Body temperature 3. Water levels Uses receptors, coordination centres and effectors Cells that detect changes (stimuli) Use information from receptors Brain, spinal cord and pancreas Bring about response to changes Muscles or glands Monitors and controls blood glucose levels Make hormones which act as chemical messages in the body A change noticed by a sensory receptor. Can be changes in: 1. Temperature 4. Sound 2. Taste 5. Light 3. Touch 6. Smell Specialised cell that carries electrical impulse in nervous system SAMUEL WARD ACADEMY TRUST 11. CNS Key points to learn 12. Reflex actions 13. Reflex arc 14. Synapse 15. Muscle Central Nervous System. Brain and spinal cord Automatic, rapid actions that do not use conscious part of brain Safety mechanism for our body Eg. Blinking, jumping at loud sounds The sequence in a reflex action eg tasting something sour 1. Stimulus - sour taste 3. 2. Receptor - taste bud cell Sensory neuron - carries impulse to coordinator 4. Relay neuron in Coordinator - spinal cord 5. Motor neuron - carries impulse to effector 6. Effector muscle in face 7. Response - muscle contracts Sensory neuron Relay neuron Motor neuron Gap between two neurons. Chemicals diffuse across gap instead of electrical impulse Tissue that can contract or relax to cause movement Trilogy B10: The human nervous system Collins Revision Guide: Homeostasis and response SAMUEL WARD ACADEMY TRUST Knowledge Organiser Big picture (Biology Paper 2) Biological response The human nervous system Hormonal coordination Ecology Adaptations, interdependence and competition Organising an ecosystem Biodiversity and ecosystems Genetics and reproduction Reproduction Variation and evolution Genetics and evolution Background Cells in the body need very specific conditions to survive and operate. How does our nervous system ensure that these conditions are monitored and controlled? Additional information Remember that our bodies operate at 37°C. It's so that our enzymes work best and do not denature. SAMUEL WARD Key points to learn 1. Endocrine system 2. Hormones 3. Pituitary gland 4. Pancreas 5. Insulin. (hormone) 6. Glucagon (hormone) 7. Adrenaline (hormone) 8. Contraception (to stop pregnancy) Contains glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream Pituitary gland Thyroid Adrenal gland Pancreas Ovary Testes (male). (female) Chemical messages in the body. 'Master gland' that secretes hormones that act on other glands Monitors and controls blood glucose levels Releases insulin hormone if blood glucose concentration too high Releases glucagon if blood glucose concentration too low Causes cells to take glucose from blood. Liver and muscle cells store as glycogen Converts glycogen into glucose. Interacts with insulin in negative feedback cycle to control glucose From adrenal gland. Increases heart rate in fight or flight response • Oral (pill)- FSH stops eggs maturing • Injection/implant - progesterone to stop maturation and release of eggs • Spermicides - chemicals kill sperm Barrier-stop sperm reaching egg • Abstinence - No sexual intercourse Surgical remove/cut reproductive organs SAMUEL WARD 9. Type 1 diabetes Key points to learn 10. Type 2 diabetes 11. Thyroxin (hormone) 12 Oestrogen (hormone) 13. Ovulation 14. Hormones during menstrual cycle Testosterone 15 (hormone) 16. Infertility treatment (to help pregnancy) Pancreas does not produce enough insulin when glucose concentration too high. Needs insulin injections Body no longer responds to insulin. Controlled by diet and exercise Obesity a risk factor for this diabetes From the thyroid gland. Controls they body's metabolic rate. Important in growth and development Controlled by negative feedback Main female reproductive hormone. From ovaries Once a girls has gone through puberty she releases an egg every 28days during the menstrual cycle FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) causes and egg to mature in ovary. Stimulates ovary to make oestrogen LH (Luteinising Hormone) triggers release of egg (ovulation) Oestrogen: causes uterus lining to grow; stops release of FSH; starts release of LH Progesterone: maintains uterus lining; stops production of both FSH and LH Main male reproductive hormone. From testes. Starts sperm production • FSH and LH can be taken to stimulate egg development and release. • IVF (In Vitro Fertilisation) uses eggs that are removed, fertilized and re- implanted into uterus Trilogy B11: Hormonal coordination Collins Rev. Guide: Homeostasis and response Knowledge Organiser Big picture (Biology Paper 2) Biological response The human nervous system Hormonal coordination Ecology Adaptations, interdependence and competition Organising an ecosystem Biodiversity and ecosystems Here are the hormones that change and control Thickness of womb the female lining menstrual cycle. Oestrogen Genetics and reproduction 0 days Reproduction Background The journey from a child into an adult is (adolescence) is a difficult time for all living things. It's all because of our hormones. LH Variation and evolution Genetics and evolution FSH 14 days Ovulation Progesterone 28 days ACADEMY TRUST 18 1. Asexual reproduction 2. Sexual reproduction 3. Gametes 4. Mitosis Key points to learn 5. Meiosis 6. Fertilisation 7. Clone Characteristics 1. Only one parent 2. Cells divide by mitosis 3. Offspring are clones of parent 1. Two parents 2. Fusing of male and female gametes which mixes genetic information from parents. 3. Variation between offspring Male and female sex cells: Male: Sperm (animals) and pollen (plants) Female: Egg (animals and plants) Half chromosomes of normal cell One parent cell divides into two identical versions. Making identical two. Used in growth/repair Cell divides to make gametes (sex cells) 1. Copies genetic 2n information 2. Cell divides into two each with full set of chromosomes 3. Two cells divide into00 n nn four gametes - each with a half set of chromosomes 4. Gametes are genetically unique Male and female gametes fuse together - now have full set of chromosomes for offspring 2n 2n Fusing half mothers chromosomes with half of fathers Genetically identical Features of an individual n SAMUEL WARD ACADEMY TRUST 9. DNA 10. Gene 11. Chromosome 12. Genome 13. Using the human genome 14. Allele Key points to learn 15. Genotype 16. Phenotype 17. Dominant 18. Recessive 19 Heterozygous 20 Homozygous 21 Inherited disorders 22. Gender Chemical that makes chromosomes Polymer made of two strands. Double helix shape Small section of DNA in a chromosome. Codes for a certain amino acid to make certain protein Made of genes. Carry all genetic information on how to make organisms what they are. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes All the genetic material of an organism. The whole human genome has been studied and will have great importance for future medicine 1. Search for genes related to certain diseases 2. Treating inherited disorders 3. Study human migration patterns Single gene that controls one inherited characteristic eg fur colour Allele version present eg BB, Bb or bb Characteristic displayed eg green eye Allele that wins if present eg B Allele that submits to dominant eg b Both alleles are identical eg BB or bb Both alleles are different eg Bb 1. Polydactyl-extra fingers or toes. Caused by dominant allele 2. Cystic fibrosis - recessive allele Females - XX. Males - XY Trilogy B12: Reproduction Collins Revision Guide: inheritance, variation and evolution Knowledge Organiser Big picture (Biology Paper 2) SAMUELSWORT ACADEMY TRUST Ecology Adaptations, interdependence and competition Organising an ecosystem Biodiversity and ecosystems Hair colour Biological response The human nervous system Hormonal coordination b Phenotypes Genetics and reproduction Background Why is there such variation between humans? How are some characteristics inherited from mothers and some from fathers? This topic explores. Punnet squares B B B b Predict outcomes of genetic crosses. Parents genotype outside. Possible offspring genotypes in middle. B Bb bb Bb bb Brown: 50% blonde: 50% Bb Bb Bb Bb Brown: 100% blonde: 0% B BB Bb b Bb bb Brown: 75% blonde: 25% b b Reproduction Variation and evolution Genetics and evolution b SAMUEL WARD Key points to learn 1.Variation 2. Inherited characteristics 3 Environmental characteristics 4. Mutations 5. Phenotype 6. Evolution 7. Darwin's Theory of evolution through natural selection 8. Genome Differences between individuals in a species. Caused by combination of genes and environment Features from genes you inherit eg hair colour, tongue rolling Features caused from conditions you have grown up in eg accent Changes in DNA code. Occur continuously Responsible for all different phenotypes Characteristic displayed due to a genetic allele eg green eye Change in inherited characteristics over time due to natural selection All living things evolved from simple life forms over 3 billion years ago 1. Different phenotypes in species 2. Some phenotypes are better suited to environment 3. Individuals with better suited phenotypes survive and breed 4. Successful Mutation of gene Better at surviving Breed Pass on genes phenotypes are passed on to next generation All genetic information in organism ACADEMY TRUST 9. New species Key points to learn 10. Selective breeding (artificial selection) 11. Inbreeding 12. Genetic engineering 13. GM Crops 14. Processes of genetic engineering Evolve such different phenotypes that they can no longer breed Choosing parents with desired characteristics so that their offspring show those characteristics Takes many generations to obtain desired characteristic reliably Desirable characteristics include: Disease resistant crops; more milk or meat; dogs with gentle nature; large or unusual flowers Selective breeding can lead to this. Where breeds are prone to disease or inherited defects Modifying the genome of an organism by adding a gene from another organism. Examples: 1. Bacteria to produce insulin 2. Possibly curing human inherited disorders Genetically Modified crops can be resistant to disease or have higher yield Concerns over effect on wild plants and insects. Also long term effects on human health 1. Enzyme isolates gene 2. Gene loaded into vector eg virus 3. Vector inserts gene into cell 4. Genes transferred at early stage of development so organism develops with desired characteristics Trilogy B13: Variation and evolution Collins Revision Guide: inheritance, variation and evolution Knowledge Organiser Big picture (Biology Paper 2) SAMUEL WARD ACADEMY TRUST Biological response The human nervous system Hormonal coordination Ecology Adaptations, interdependence and competition Organising an ecosystem Biodiversity and ecosystems Genetics and reproduction Reproduction Variation and evolution Genetics and evolution Background It is hard to imagine that all life on Earth shares the same ancestors. The process of evolution through natural (and artificial) selection have both been in action for a very, very long time. This topic considers how living things have and continue to evolve. (Italicised statements are Higher Tier Only) SAMUEL WARD 1. Darwin's Theory of evolution through natural selection Key points to learn 2. Evidence for evolution 3. Fossils 4. Why so few fossils? 5. Extinct 6. Evolutionary trees All living things evolved from simple life forms over 3 billion years ago 1. Different phenotypes Mutation in species of gene 2. Some phenotypes are better suited to environment 3. Individuals with better suited phenotypes survive and breed 4. Successful Better at surviving Breed phenotypes are passed on to next generation Theory is now widely accepted 1. From looking at fossils 2. Antibiotic resistance in bacteria. 3. Understanding of genetics Pass on genes Remains of organisms from millions of years ago found in rocks. Used to show how we think organisms are related Formed by: 1. Conditions needed for decay were not present Parts of organism replaced by minerals as they decayed Preserved traces eg footprints, 2. 3. Many life forms had soft bodies. Geological activity destroyed some No more surviving individuals of a species SAMUEL WARD 7. Extinction 8. Bacterial evolution 9. Resistant bacteria 10. Reducing development of resistant bacteria Key points to learn Developing new antibiotics Classification 11 IZ 13. Linnaean system 14. Three Domain system Permanent loss of all members of a species. Can be caused by: 1. Changes in environment eg climate 2. New predators 3. New diseases 4. New competition eg for food Can evolve quickly as the reproduce at such a fast rate Some bacteria have a mutation that makes them resistant to anti-biotics. This means we cannot kill them MRSA is resistant to antibiotics 1. Humans to not use antibiotics as often 2. Patients should always complete their courses of antibiotics so all bacteria are killed 3. Reduce use of antibiotics in agriculture Is expensive and slow. It is unlikely to be done quick enough to cope with resistant bacteria Putting living things into similar groups Carl Linnaeus's classification system Kingdom; Phylum; Class; Order; Family; Genus; Species Keeping Precious Creatures Organised For Grumpy Scientists Classification developed by Carl Woese. Archaea - primitive bacteria Bacteria - true bacteria Eukaryota - everything else living Trilogy B14: Genetics and evolution Collins Revision Guide: inheritance, variation and evolution Knowledge Organiser Big picture (Biology Paper 2) SAMUEL WARD Biological response The human nervous system Hormonal coordination Ecology Adaptations, interdependence and competition Organising an ecosystem Biodiversity and ecosystems Genetics and reproduction Reproduction Variation and evolution Genetics and evolution Background Understanding where we come from may be far more useful than satisfying our curiosity. It might help us fight the emergence of anti- biotic resistant bacteria - described as one of the greatest current threats to humanity. So what is evolution all about? *££££kj SAMUEL WARD Key points to learn 1 Communities 2. Ecosystem 3. Plants compete for 4. Animals compete for 5. Interdepend- ence 6. Energy source for ecosystems 7. Abiotic factors 8. Aquatic 9. Food chain Group of interdependent plants or animals living together A system that includes all living organisms (biotic) in an area as well as non-living (abiotic) factors 1. Light and space 2. Water 3. Mineral ions from soil 1. Food 2. Mates for reproduction 3. Territory Different species relying on each other for food, shelter, pollination, seed dispersal Changes to one species affect the whole community The sun is the source of energy in all food webs Plants use photosynthesis to convert light into chemical energy in glucose Non-living factors that affect communities: 1. Light intensity 2. Temperature 3. Moisture levels 4. Soil pH and mineral content 5. Wind intensity and direction 6. Carbon dioxide levels - plants 7. Oxygen levels - aquatic animals Lives in water A single path in a food web SAMUEL WARD 10. Biotic factors 11. Adaptations 12. Structural adaptations 13 Behavioural adaptations 14. Functional adaptations 15. Extremo- philes 16. Example plant adaptations 17. Example animal adaptations 18. Quadrat 19. Line transect Key points to learn Living factors that affect communities: 1. Availability of food 2. New predators 3. 4. New pathogens (microorganisms that cause disease) One species outcompeting leading to numbers too low to breed Features which make an organism better suited to its environment Physical features eg fur, beak shape, foot size, sharp claws, thick blubber, big leaves, long roots, camouflage Changes in behaviour to help survive eg migration, tools, pack hunting Biological processes such as reproduction or metabolism eg giving birth to lots of young; hibernation; a chameleons adaptive camouflage Organisms that live in very extreme environments such as high pressure / temperature / salt concentrations Example: Bacteria in deep sea vents Long roots collect water; small leaves reduce water loss; big leaves increase light captured Camouflage to hide/hunt; big surface area increases heat loss; blubber reduces heat loss Randomly chosen small area (often 1m²). Used to estimate total numbers A line along which you measure distribution of organisms Trilogy B15: Adaptations, interdependence and competition Collins Revision Guide: Ecology Knowledge Organiser Big picture (Biology Paper 2) SAMUEL WARD ACADEMY TRUST Biological response The human nervous system Hormonal coordination Ecology Adaptations, interdependence and competition Organising an ecosystem Biodiversity and ecosystems Genetics and reproduction Reproduction Variation and evolution Genetics and evolution Background A study recently estimated there to be 8.7 million different species of organism on our planet. They all compete for the limited resources available and nearly all rely on the Sun as their ultimate source of energy. Maths skills Find the mean, mode and median for a set of data eg. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6 Mean = (1+2+3+4+5+5+6) ÷ 7 = 3.7 (2sf) Median (middle number) = 4 Mode (most common number) = 5 SAMUEL WARD 1. Food chains Key points to learn 2. Biomass 3. Producers 4. Primary consumers 5. Secondary consumers 6. Tertiary consumers 7. Predators 8. Prey 9. Predator- prey cycles Producer Primary Secondary consumer consumer Amount of biological mass in an organism Green plants or algae. Always first organism in a food chain. Produce most of the biomass for life on Earth eg phytoplankton Eat producers eg fish Eat primary consumers eg seal Eat secondary consumers eg killer whale Consumers that kill and eat other animals Consumers that get eaten by predators Numbers of both rise and fall in cycles 2. Population 4. K Time 1. Lots of plants means prey numbers increase Lots of prey means predator numbers increase 3. Lots of predators means prey numbers decrease Less prey means predator numbers fall 5. Less predators means prey numbers increase Prey Predator SAMUEL WARD Key points to learn Where things are How many there are Microorganisms that feed on dead organisms and waste Release carbon back into atmosphere and minerals ions into soil 10 Distribution 11 Abundance 12. Decomposers 13. Carbon cycle 14. Photosynthe- sis 15. Respiration 18 16. Water cycle 17 Material recycling Combustion (burning) Photosynthesis CO₂ Respiration Consumers Plants Chemical reaction in which chloroplasts make glucose and oxygen The reverse of respiration Carbon + Water → Glucose + Oxygen dioxide Using light Decomposers Process by which all living things get energy from glucose and oxygen Precipitation Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon + Water dioxide water Land-plants and animals Evaporation The sea Rivers Many materials are recycled to provide building blocks for future Fuel + Oxygen → Carbon + Water dioxide Trilogy B16: Organising and ecosystem Collins Revision Guide: Ecology Knowledge Organiser Big picture (Biology Paper 2) Biological response The human nervous system Hormonal coordination Ecology Adaptations, interdependence and competition Organising an ecosystem Biodiversity and ecosystems Genetics and reproduction Reproduction Variation and evolution Genetics and evolution Background All living and non-living things are made of atoms. These atoms have been around for millions of years and have been continuously cycled over that time. It is amazing to thing that the carbon in us could once been part of Einstein, a cloud, a grasshopper, Cleopatra, a tree or even a piece of tyrannosaurs rex dung. This process of cycling material (and energy) is essential to all life on Earth. SAMUEL WARD Key points to learn 1. Biodiversity 2. Ecosystem 3. High biodiversity 4. Negative human impact on biodiversity 5. Pollution from waste 6. Land use The variety of all different species in a particular ecosystem A system that includes all living organisms (biotic) in an area and non-living (abiotic) factors Ensures stability of ecosystems by reducing one species dependence on another Future of human species on Earth relies on high biodiversity Human actions are reducing biodiversity. Actions such as: More waste More land use Population growth Using resources Only recently have we tried to reduce impact of these actions Pollution kills plants and animals which can reduce biodiversity In water, from sewage, fertiliser or toxic chemicals In air, from smoke and acidic gas On land, from landfill and from toxic chemicals Humans reduce land available for animals by: Building Quarrying Farming Dumping waste SAMUEL WARD ACADEMY TRUST Key points to learn 7. Destruction of peat bogs 8. Deforestation 9. Causes of global warming 10. Biological impact of global warming 11. Maintaining biodiversity Used for compost. Leads to reduction in size of this habitat. Decay or burning of peat releases carbon dioxide Removal of forests to : ● grow cattle and rice fields grow crops for biofuels Carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere contribute to global warming Loss of habitat through flooding Changes in distribution of organisms as temperatures, rainfall and climate change • Changes in migration patterns as climates and seasons change Reduced biodiversity as many organisms become extinct ● Actions humans are taking to reduce loss of biodiversity: Breeding programmes for endangered species Protection and regeneration of rare habitats Reintroduction of field margins and hedgerows Reduce deforestation Reduce carbon dioxide emissions Recycling rather than dumping in landfill Trilogy B17: Biodiversity and ecosystems Collins Revision Guide: Ecology Knowledge Organiser Big picture (Biology Paper 2) NdipoY TRUST Biological response The human nervous system Hormonal coordination Ecology Adaptations, interdependence and competition Organising an ecosystem Biodiversity and ecosystems Genetics and reproduction sustainable way. This topic explores the negative and positive impact we are having on biodiversity and the natural systems that support it. Reproduction Variation and evolution Genetics and evolution Background In order to ensure our future health, prosperity and well being we need to take some actions now. Humans need to survive in the environment in a Blank page AQA Trilogy Science Paper 1 Chemistry topics Atoms, molecules and moles Atomic structure The periodic table Structure and bonding Chemical calculations CASTLE MANOR Chemical changes and energy changes Chemical changes Electrolysis Energy changes CHURCHILL SCHOOL SAMUEL WARD Paper 2 Chemistry topics Rates, equilibrium and organic chemistry Rates and equilibrium CNS t NEWMARKET ACADEMY SYBIL ANDREWS ACADEMY Crude oil and fuels SAMUEL WARD ACADEMY TRUST Analysis and the Earth's resources Chemical analysis The Earth's atmosphere The Earth's resources TGS SAMUEL WARD Key points to learn Reactants 1. Chemical reaction 2. Reactants 3. Products Conservation of mass 5. Rate 6. Rate of reaction. 7. Measuring rate of reaction 8. Calculating rate of reaction 9. Increasing temperature 10. Concentration 11. Pressure 12 Endothermic 13 Exothermic 14 Equilibrium Products 'turn into' Ingredients in a chemical reaction The chemicals that are produced In a chemical reaction the total mass of reactants = total mass of products How quickly something happens. Usually measured per second How fast reactants turn into products 1. Measure decrease in mass of a reaction if a gas is given off 2. Increase in volume of gas given off. Catch gas given off 3. Decrease in light passing through a solution The steepness of the line at any point on a reaction vs time graph. The steeper the line on the reaction vs time graph, the faster the reaction Increases speed and energy of particles Amount of a substance per defined volume units of mol/dm³ Force applied per unit area [N/m²] Reaction that absorbs in energy Reaction that releases heat energy Concentrations remain constant SAMUEL WARD Key points to learn 15. Collision theory 16. Activation energy 17. Increasing rate of reaction 18. Catalyst 19. Reversible reactions Reactions occur when particles collide with enough energy Minimum energy needed in a collision for a reaction to occur 1. Either need more particle collisions or more energetic collisions 2. Increase surface area to volume ratio: greater rate of collisions 3. Increase concentration: more particles, greater rate of collisions 4. Increase pressure: particles closer, greater rate of collisions 5. Increase temperature: greater rate of collisions each with more energy 6. Use of a catalyst: reduce activation energy required for a reaction to happen A substance that helps a reaction take place but is not used up itself In industry the increase rates of reaction and reduce energy cost A reaction where the products will turn back into the products Reactants Products eg hydrated copper sulfate Anhydrous copper sulfate + water Trilogy C8: Rates and equilibrium Collins revision guide: The rate and extent of chemical change Knowledge Organiser Big picture (Chemistry Paper 2) Analysis and the Earth's resources Rates, equilibrium and organic chemistry Rates and equilibrium Crude oil and fuels Chemical analysis Finding the steepness (gradient) of a curved line at a point using a tangent. Gradient rise + run The Earth's atmosphere Background In your body there are lots of reactions taking place all the time. Reactions are also important in industry to make products to sell for money. How do we measure or accelerate these reactions up? This topic finds out. Product The Earth's resources Additional Look back at Trilogy C7: Energy Changes for more on endothermic, exothermic and activation energy. Maths skills tangent at t A(Time) A(Product) Time Rate of reaction = 4(Product) + 4(time) SAMUEL WARD 1. Mixture Key points to learn 2. Hydrocarbon 3. Crude oil 4. Distillation 5. Compound 6. Molecule 7. Fractions 8. Alkanes 9. Boiling point 10. Volatility 11. Flammability Not pure. Different compounds / elements not chemically bonded Compound containing only hydrogen and carbon eg CH4 Fossil fuel mixture of hydrocarbons Separating liquid from a mixture by evaporation and condensation Two or more different elements chemically bonded Two or more atoms chemically bonded Hydrocarbons with similar boiling points separated from crude oil Hydrocarbon with only single covalent bonds eg C-C Known as saturated hydrocarbons Methane (CH₂) H-C-H Ethane (C₂H6) HH H-C-C-H & A Propane (C₂H₂) Butane (C₂H₁0) HHH 1_d_d-H •C-C-C-H НН Н H-C H-C-C-C-C-H HAHA Temperature liquid turns to gas. (Long hydrocarbons have higher) How easily it evaporates (Long hydrocarbons have lower) How easily it lights and burns (Long hydrocarbons have lower) SAMUEL WARD ACADEMY TRUST Key points to learn 12. Viscosity 13. Fractional distillation 14. Burning hydrocarbons 15. Oxidised 16.Test for CO₂ 17. Incomplete combustion 18. Cracking 19. Thermal decomposition 20. Catalyst 21. Alkenes 22. Testing for alkenes The resistance of a liquid to flowing or pouring. (Long hydrocarbons have higher) Separating liquids from a mixture by boiling then condensing at different temperatures Hydrocarbon + Oxygen → Water + Carbon Dioxide eg CH4 + 20₂ → 2H₂O +CO₂ Oxygen added or electrons lost Turns limewater cloudy When a fuel burns with insufficient oxygen. Produces toxic Carbon Monoxide (CO) Breaking large alkanes into smaller, more useful ones Breaking down a compound by heating it Chemical which speeds up a reaction without being used itself Hydrocarbon with a double covalent bond eg C=C Known as unsaturated hydrocarbons Has twice as many H as C atoms eg Propene HI Ethene Unsaturated hydrocarbons turn bromine water colourless Trilogy C9: Crude Oil and Fuels Collins rev guide: Organic Chemistry Knowledge Organiser SAMUEL WARD Big picture (Chemistry Paper 2) Analysis and the Earth's resources Rates, equilibrium and organic chemistry Rates and equilibrium Crude oil and fuels Chemical analysis Balancing equations: Number of atoms on reactant side The Earth's atmosphere Background Fossil fuels are non-renewable which means they are running out. But why is oil so useful? This topic explores that very question. Additional = The Earth's resources Remember that non-metals bond by covalent bonding (sharing electrons) and that Carbon is in group 4 so needs 4 electrons to fill its outer shell. Maths skills Number of atoms on product side Alkane general formula: CnH₂n+2 Alkene general formula: CnH₂n SAMUEL WARD 1. Melting point 2. Boiling point 3. Pure 4. Impure 5. Fixed points Key points to learn The temperature at which substances melt or freeze 6. Formulation 7. Paper Chroma- tography The temperature at which substances boil or condense Made of one substance. Can be an element or compound Made of a mixture of substances Melting and boiling pints of a pure substance Eg. Water 0°C and 100°C A mixture designed to produce a useful product Examples: paints, washing liquids, fuels, alloys, fertilisers, cosmetics A separation techniques where a solvent moves up a material and carries different substances up different heights with it Distance solvent moved up Distance spot moved up Solvent Each substances has a unique Retention factor (R₁) at the same temperature in the same solvent Rf = distance moved by substance distance moved by solvent SAMUEL WARD ACADEMY TRUST Key points to learn Hydrogen makes a squeaky 'pop' when lit with a splint 8. Test for hydrogen 9. Test for oxygen 10. Test for carbon dioxide 11. Test for chlorine gas 12. Element 13. Compound 14. Mixture Oxygen will relight a glowing splint. If you bubble carbon dioxide through limewater it will turn milky (cloudy white) Clear → milky Chlorine gas will turn blue litmus paper white Need to be very careful as chlorine gas is toxic (poisonous) Only one type or atom present. Can be single atoms or molecules Both examples of the (N₂) N N Nitrogen element (N) N Molecule containing more than one type of atom H Carbon dioxide (CO₂) Methane (CH₂) Two or more chemicals not chemically combined Trilogy C10: Chemical analysis Collins rev guide: Chemical analysis Knowledge Organiser SAMUEL WARD Big picture (Chemistry Paper 2) Analysis and the Earth's resources Rates, equilibrium and organic chemistry Rates and equilibrium Crude oil and fuels Chemical analysis The Earth's atmosphere The Earth's resources Background Somethings are useful, some are harmful. It's important that we can test to see what is in a substance or what is made in a reaction. Here are some of the methods we use in Science. You will have come across most of them earlier in school. Maths skills Rearrange and use the R. chromatography equation Rf distance moved by substance distance moved by solvent SAMUEL WARD Key points to learn 1 Atmosphere 2. Earth's early atmosphere theory 3. Photosynthesis 4. Fossil fuels 5. Carbon 'locked into' rock 6. Ammonia and methane 7. Earth's atmosphere today 8. Ozone layer 9. Incomplete combustion Layer of gas around Earth Volcanos released carbon dioxide (CO₂), water vapour (H₂O) and nitrogen (N₂) Similar to Mars and Venus We think it was responsible for changing early atmosphere Removes carbon dioxide and makes oxygen Carbon + Water → Oxygen + Glucose Dioxide Coal, crude oil and natural gas. Formed from fossilised remains of plants and animals Carbon stored in shells and skeletons turned into limestone Carbon in living things was also locked away as fossil fuels Removed from atmosphere by reactions with oxygen Nitrogen: 78% Oxygen: 21% 0₂ Argon: 0.9% Carbon dioxide: 0.04% Trace amounts of other gases N₂ 2 Nothing to do with Global warming or the Greenhouse Effect. A layer of O3 protecting us from UV rays If not enough oxygen is available then poisonous carbon monoxide and soot are produced SAMUEL WARD ACADEMY TRUST Key points to learn 10. Greenhouse effect 11. Greenhouse gases 12. Risks of global climate change 13 Issues with reducing greenhouse gas emission 14. Carbon footprint 15. Ideas for reducing our carbon footprint 16. Carbon capture 17. Nitrogen oxide 18. Sulfur dioxide Greenhouse gases stop heat escaping from the Earth into space. This results in Earth getting hotter 1. Carbon dioxide: released from burning fossil fuels 2. Methane: released from swamps, rice fields 3. Water vapour (eg steam and clouds) 1. Rising sea levels as a result of melting ice caps 2. Extreme weather eg storms 3. Changes to temperature and rainfall patterns 4. Ecosystems under threat 1. It will cost money 2. There is still disagreement that it is a problem 3. It is difficult to implement The CO₂ released as a result of a persons activities over a year 1. Burn less fossil fuels 2. Carbon capture 3. Reduce demand for beef 4. Planting more trees Pumping and storing CO₂ underground in rocks Released by burning fossil fuels. Causes acid rain and breathing issues Released by burning fossil fuels. Causes acid rain Trilogy C11: The Earth's atmosphere Collins revision guide: Chemistry of the atmosphere Knowledge Organiser Big picture (Chemistry Paper 2) Analysis and the Earth's resources SAMUEL WARD ACADEMY TRUST Rates, equilibrium and organic chemistry Rates and equilibrium Crude oil and fuels a Twi mg Chemical analysis Background The bubble of gas around our planet that we call Earth's atmosphere does far more than provide the oxygen we need for respiration. In Europe, winters are almost two weeks shorter than they were 40 years ago. Extreme weather seems more common than ever. Cases of asthma and respiratory difficulties increase year-on-year and we are always looking at ways of making our air cleaner. a The Earth's atmosphere The Earth's resources SAMUEL WARD 1. Natural resources Key points to learn 2. Fossil fuels 3. Non- renewable 4. Renewable 5. Sustainable development 6. water 7. Pure water 8. Normal way of making potable water 9. Desalination 10. Life cycle assessments (LCAS) 11. Recycling Can be found in their natural form. Some are finite and will run out. Coal, crude oil and natural gas. Formed from fossilised remains of plants and animals Finite. Are used quicker than they are made. So will run out Made quicker than they are used. Will not run out Meets current demands without affecting future generations. Water that is safe to drink. Not pure as it contains dissolved substances No dissolved substances. Only H₂O 1. Choose source of water 2. Filter the water in filter beds 3. Sterilise the water with chlorine, ozone or ultraviolet light Method for treating salty water. Two methods both energy intensive 1. Distillation - evaporate water then condense steam 2. Reverse osmosis. Uses membranes Product environm ental impact in: 1. Extracting raw materials 2. Manufacturing and packing 3. Use during life 4. Disposal at end of life Saves energy and finite resources. Less pollution from making new SAMUEL WARD Key points to learn 12. Aerobic 13. Anaerobic 14. Treating waste water 15. Treating sludge 16. Ore 17. Copper Ores 18. Phytomining 19. Bioleaching 20. Electrolysis 21. Displacement 22. Economic issues With oxygen (exposed to air) Without oxygen Remove lumps - screening 1. 2. Let sludge sink - sedimentation 3. Bacteria added to clean - Aerobic treatment Anaerobic digestion by bacteria Can be used as fertiliser or as biofuel Rock containing enough metal compounds to be worth extracting Contain copper compounds. Becoming scarce so much harder to find large quantities. Main ways of extracting copper: 1. Mining - dig up rocks 2. Phytomining 3. Bioleaching 4. Electrolysis 5. Displacement with iron Plants absorb coppers compounds. Plants then burned and copper obtained from ash Bacteria pumped underground absorb copper. Produce leachate solutions containing copper compounds Breaking down a substance in a liquid using electricity A more reactive metal will displace a less reactive metal The cost of doing something Trilogy C12: The Earth's resources Collins rev guide: Using resources Knowledge Organiser Big picture (Chemistry Paper 2) Analysis and the Earth's resources SAMUEL WARD ACADEMY TRUST Rates, equilibrium and organic chemistry Rates and equilibrium Crude oil and fuels Chemical analysis The Earth's atmosphere The Earth's resources Background Up to 60% of the rubbish in the average dustbin could be recycled. This wasteful approach has big environmental and economic impact for us all. What are natural resources and why are they important? This topic looks at some of the issues that affect all of humankind. RECYCLE REDUCE REUSE Additional information Content in italics is Higher Tier only. Look back at Topic C5 and C6 for more on displacement reactions and electrolysis. AQA Trilogy Science Paper 1 Physics topics Energy and energy resources Conservation and dissipation of energy Energy transfer by heating Energy resources CASTLE MANOR Particles at work Electric circuits Electricity in the home Molecules and matter Radioactivity CHURCHILL SCHOOL SAMUEL WARD Paper 2 Physics topics Forces in action Forces in balance CNS t NEWMARKET ACADEMY SYBIL ANDREWS ACADEMY Motion Forces and motion SAMUEL WARD ACADEMY TRUST Waves and electromagnetism Wave properties Electromagnetic waves Electromagnetism TGS SAMUEL WARD 1. Scalar Key points to learn Magnitude only eg speed Magnitude and direction eg velocity, force Can be drawn as an arrow → Distance away from start point in a straight line Size of a quantity Push or a pull acting on an object Forces that act though touch eg friction, air resistance, tension 2. Vector 3. Displacement 4 Magnitude 5 Force, F [N] 6. Contact force 7. Non- contact force 8. Newton's Third Law 9. Driving force 10. Friction 11. Resultant force 12. Newton's First Law Forces that act without need for touch eg magnetic force, gravity, electrostatic force When two objects interact they exert an equal and opposite force on each other A force that makes a vehicle move A force that tries to stop an object moving. Generates heat The force you have if you replaced all the forces on an object with one single for If it is zero, forces are balanced If the forces on an object are balanced the object will either: 1. Remain still 2. Keep moving same velocity SAMUEL WARD Key points to learn 13. Free body force diagram 14. Centre of mass 15. The parallelogram of forces 16. Resolving forces 17. Weight, W [N] 18 Mass, m [kg] 19. Normal contact force Shows the forces as arrows acting on an object. Object represented as a dot on centre of mass Eg 5 N-> Point at which mass of an object appears to be concentrated Box 3 N 5N All objects will hang with their centre of mass below the pivot Force A Force 2N The centre of mass of a regular shape is at the centre P Used to find the resultant of two forces that are not parallel. Eg Resultant 2N gives... gives Force y Force B Resultant Drawing two forces at right angles to represent a single resultant force Eg Force x 3N Force A Force acting on a mass due to gravity (Weight = mass x gravity) The amount of matter in an object Push between solids. Acts at right angle to the surface at the point of contact Trilogy P7: Forces in balance Collins rev guide: Forces Knowledge Organiser Big picture (Physics Paper 2) Waves and electromagnetism SAMUEL WARD ACADEMY TRUST Forces in action Forces in balance Motion Forces and motion Wave properties Electromagnetic waves Electromagnetism Background Anything that changes direction, speed or shape does so because of unbalanced forces. They are the reason we go to bed up to 2cm shorter than we are when we wake up. Weird? That's forces. Maths skills Drawing scale diagrams to find the diagonal of a parallelogram (see Fact 15) or drawing a scale parallelograms around a diagonal (see Fact 16) Additional infornation Content in italics is Higher Tier only. SAMUEL WARD Key points to learn A graph showing how distance changes with time Gradient represents speed 1. Distance- time (d-t) graph 2. Speed, v [m/s] 3. Average speed [m/s] 4. Velocity, v [m/s] 5. Displacement 6. Acceleration, a [m/s²] 7 Deceleration a [m/s²] 10. Scalar 11. Vector 12. Velocity- time (v-t) graph Scalar Distance travelled in one second Speed distance travelled, s [m] time taken, t [s] Considers the total distance travelled and the total time taken Vector. Speed in a given direction. Uses the same formula as speed Vector. Distance travelled in a certain direction Any change in velocity. Can be either speed or direction Change in velocity per second. eg 10m/s² means velocity changes by 10m/s every second Acceleration change in velocity time taken for change Av [m/s] [s] a [m/s²] t When acceleration is negative. Object slows down Magnitude only eg speed Magnitude and direction eg velocity A graph showing how velocity changes with time Gradient represents acceleration Area under a v-t graph line represents distance travelled SAMUEL WARD Key points to learn 13. Typical speeds 14. Slopes of d-t graphs 15. Slopes of v-t graphs 16 Gravitational acceleration 17. Equation of motion Walking ~1.5m/s Running ~1.5m/s Cycling -6m/s Sound -330m/s Stationary t Constant low speed t Low constant velocity t Low constant acceleration t Low constant deceleration t d d V V V Accelerating t Constant high speed t High constant velocity t High constant acceleration t Low constant acceleration. Big distance t v = final velocity in m/s u = start velocity in m/s a = acceleration in m/s² s = distance travelled in m Acceleration due to gravity on Earth is ~9.8m/s² You need to be able to use this equation. It is given in the exam. v² u² = 2as SAMUEL WARD ACADEMY TRUST Trilogy P8: Motion Collins rev guide: Forces Knowledge Organiser Big picture (Physics Paper 2) ● Forces in action Forces in balance ● Motion Forces and motion Graph skills: Waves and electromagnetism Background We all know about acceleration and speed, but how are they really related. The ideas on this page are essential in the use of vehicle design and tectonic movement. They can be used to describe any journey by any object. Maths skills Wave properties Finding the steepness (gradient) of a curved line at a point using a tangent. Gradient rise + run Electromagnetic waves Electromagnetism Product tangent at t, A(Time) A(Product) Time Find the area under a straight line graph. Using areas of triangles and rectangle Rearrange the speed equation v=s+t SAMUEL WARD 1. Newton's Second Law Key points to learn 2. Inertial mass 3. Inertia 4 Force, F [N] 5. Acceleration, a [m/s²] 6. Resultant force, F [N] 7 Mass, m [kg] 8 Gravitational field strength Acceleration is directly proportional to force and indirectly proportional to mass Resultant= mass x acceleration Force F = mx a [N] [kg] [m/s²] Greater resultant force leads to greater acceleration How difficult it is to change the velocity of an object. Ratio of Force + acceleration Tendency of objects to maintain same motion Push or a pull acting on an object Any change in velocity. Can be either speed or direction Change in velocity per second. eg 10m/s² means velocity changes by 10m/s every second Acceleration change in velocity time taken for change a = Av [m/s] [m/s²] t [s] The force you have if you replaced all the forces on an object with one single force If it is zero forces are balanced Amount of matter in something Constant on each planet. Symbol of g. On Earth it is ~9.8 N/kg SAMUEL WARD Key points to learn 9. Weight, W [N] 10. Terminal velocity [m/s] 11. Stopping distance [m] 12. Reaction time [s] 13. Factors affecting braking distance 14. Momentum, p [kg m/s] 15 Conservation of momentum 16. Elastic 17. Inelastic The force on a mass due to gravity Weight = mass x gravitational field strength W = m x g [N] [kg] [N/kg] Maximum velocity of a falling object. When fluid drag increases until it balances weight Shortest distance a vehicle can safely stop Split into two parts: 1. Thinking distance - travelled during reaction time 2. Braking distance - travelled once brakes applied Stopping = Thinking + Braking distance distance distance Time it takes a person to react. Differs for everyone from 0.2 - 0.9s Affected by: tiredness, drugs, alcohol and distractions 2. 1. Road and weather conditions Condition of vehicle brakes or tyres Momentum mass x velocity m x v р = [kg m/s] [kg] [m/s] In a closed system, total momentum before an event is the same as the total momentum after Will return to original shape Will not return to original shape Trilogy P9: Force and motion Collins rev guide: Forces Knowledge Organiser SAMUEL WARD ACADEMY TRUST Big picture (Physics Paper 2) Waves and electromagnetism Forces in action Forces in balance Motion Forces and motion Wave properties 18. Hooke's Law Electromagnetic waves Background Forces can make things change how they move or make them change shape. Every time one of these things happens it is down to a resultant force. Electromagnetism Key points to learn The gradient of this graph is known as k, the spring constant. A springs extension/compression is proportional to the force on it Hooke's law being obeyed Extension Force = spring constant x extension F = k x e [N] [N/m] [m] SAMUEL WARD Key points to learn Vibrations of a wave Carry energy using oscillations Can reflect - bounce off a boundary Can refract - change direction at a boundary as they change speed 1 Oscillations 2. Waves 3. Transverse waves 4. Longitudinal waves 5. Drawing waves 6 Mechanical waves 7. Vacuum Two types: transverse and longitudinal Oscillate at right angles to direction that the wave transfers energy Eg Electromagnetic waves, such as light, radio, ripples on water Wavelength Oscillate in same direction as the wave transfers energy eg sound Compression Rarefaction 0 0ಯುಂOO000)ಗರಿಕಿರಿ -Wavelength- î 2 A A Wavelength, Amplitude, A Both measured in metres (m) Need particles to move eg sound, water, Mexican No particles. Space is a vacuum SAMUEL WARD Key points to learn 8. Electromagnetic waves 9. Amplitude, A [cm] 10. Wavelength, [m] 11. Frequency, f [Hz] 12. Period, T [s] 13. Wave equation 15. Sound waves 16. Observing waves 17. Law of reflection Family of transverse waves. Travel through vacuum at speed of light (300 000 km/s) The waves in the EM family are: Radio, Infra Red, Visible light, Ultra Violet, X-ray and Gamma Rich Men In Vegas Use X-ray Glasses Height/depth of the wave above/below the rest point Length of one wave. Distance on a wave from one point to the next identical point Number of waves in one second Measure in Hertz Frequency [Hz] f = 1 + Period 1 T Speed of a wave [s] given this in the exam) Time for one wave to pass (You need to learn this) = frequency x wavelength = fx λ [Hz] [m] V [m/s] Longitudinal. Cannot travel through a vacuum. Reflections are called echoes We can use these devices: 1. A ripple tank 2. A slinky spring 3. A signal generator Angle of reflection is same as angle of incidence. Speed and wavelength not changed Trilogy P10: Wave properties Collins rev guide: Waves Knowledge Organiser A Big picture (Physics Paper 2) SAMUEL WARD ACADEMY TRUST Forces in action Forces in balance Motion Forces and motion Mega (M) kilo (k) Waves and electromagnetism Meaning x 1000000 x 1 000 Wave properties Electromagnetic waves Background We are continuously hit with waves in many forms from sound to radio. They are so much more than just ripples on water we can surf on. Maths skills You need to be able to use the equation relating f and T (statement number 11). In it you have to divide 1 by a number. Units of quantities are shown in square brackets [ ]. The wavelength and frequencies of waves varies hugely. You will be expected to use standard form. Prefix Standard form x 106 Electromagnetism x 10³ A 8 1. Electro- magnetic waves 2. Drawing waves 3 Transverse wave 4. Wave equation 5. Energy of waves 6. Refraction 7. Ionising Absorbing waves Key points to learn Family of transverse waves. Travel through vacuum at speed of light. Low Radio Microwave Infrared (IR) Visible Ultraviolet (UV) X-ray Gamma ray High Rich Men In Vegas Use X-ray Glasses Wavelength, Amplitude, A Both measured in metres (m) Long (1000 m) Very short (¹/1000000)m 2 2 Wavelength, Oscillate at right angles to direction that the wave transfers energy Speed of a wave = frequency X wavelength V = f x 2 [m/s] [Hz] [m] Increases as frequency increases. Gamma have most, radio least Air Frequency (Hz) (You need to learn this) Light changing direction as it changes speed at a boundary incident refracted Glass Ir Knocking electrons off atoms Waves carry energy so absorbing any wave generates some heat SAMUEL WARD 9. Radio waves 10. Microwaves 11. Infrared radiation 12. Visible light 13. Ultraviolet Key points to learn No known dangers 14. X-rays and gamma rays 15. Carrier waves 16 Frequency, f[Hz] Can be made and absorbed by electrical circuits Used for television and radio Some can cause burning Used for satellite communications, and cooking food Can cause burning Emitted by hot objects. Matt black surfaces are best absorbers and emitters Smooth shiny surfaces reflect IR waves so are worst absorbers and emitters Used for electric heaters, cooking, infrared cameras Very bright light can cause blindness We see. Used in fibre optics lonising: can cause skin cancer Used in energy efficient lamps, sun tanning and sterilising lonising: can cause cancer Used in medical imaging and in radiotherapy treatment and sterilising Used in communication. Different amplitudes mean different things Number of waves in one second. Measure in Hertz Trilogy P11: Electromagnetic waves Collins rev guide: Waves Knowledge Organiser Big picture (Physics Paper 2) SAMUEL WARD ACADEMY TRUST Forces in action Forces in balance Motion Forces and motion Waves and electromagnetism Wave properties Electromagnetic waves Electromagnetism Background This family of waves is all around us, all the time. They travels at 300million metres a second through space and are some of the building blocks of the Universe. So what are they and how do we use them? Maths skills You need to remember and be able to rearrange the Wave Equation. A nice way to check is by finding the frequency of your microwave oven ~2450MHz (usually written on back of oven). Speed of light is 3x108m/s. You should be able to calculate that a microwave in your oven is 0.12m long exactly. SAMUEL WARD Key points to learn North and South Like poles attract Unlike poles repel 1. Magnetic poles Permanent 2. magnet 3. Induced magnet 4. Magnetic field, B 5. Magnetic field lines 6. Earth's magnetic field 7. Magnetic material 8. Solenoid 9. Magnetic field around a wire ATTRACTION N SEEN S REPULSION N SEES N OR NEENS S Has its own magnetic field Closer the lines, the stronger the magnetic field Becomes a magnet when put in a magnetic field. Loses it when removed Region around a magnet which attracts magnetic material. Caused by magnetic field lines Strongest at poles of a magnet Known as magnetic flux density, B measured in Tesla, T Acts like a giant bar magnet Are attracted by magnetic fields: iron, steel, cobalt and nickel A coil of wire, looks like a spring If a wire carries a current it becomes an electromagnet B Magnetic field SAMUEL WARD Key points to learn If a wire is coiled and carries a current it becomes an electromagnet 10. Magnetic field around a solenoid 11.Increasing strength of electromagnet 12. Motor effect 13. Size of motor effect force 14. Direction of motor force 15. Increasing force of a motor 16. Electric motor 17 Commutator Magnetic field inside is strong and uniform Outside looks similar to a bar magnet 1. Add an iron core 2. 3. More coils Increase current A wire carrying a current at a right angle through a magnetic field feels a force Force = magnetic x current x length flux density (You are F=BxIxl given this) [N] [T] [A] [m] Is given by Flemings Left Hand rule 1. More current 2. Stronger magnetic field 3. More coils Magnetic field Coil of wire carrying a current inside a magnetic field. Each side moves in different direction causing it to rotate. Stops motor wires twisting Trilogy P12: Electromagnetism Collins rev guide: Magnetism and electromagnetism ACADEMY TRUST Knowledge Organiser Big picture (Physics Paper 2) Waves and electromagnetism Forces in action Forces in balance Motion Forces and motion Wave properties Electromagnetic waves Electromagnetism Background Electromagnetic effects are used in motors to make things move, generators to provide electricity and automatic locks on security doors. Magnetism is far more useful to us than just helping pigeons to navigate. Additional information Higher Tier only content is shown in Maths skills There is only one formula in this topic and it is only for Higher Tier. It is given to you in the equation sheet but you need to be able to use it. Blank page Concept behind.... Knowledge Organisers • AQA GCSE 9-1 ● ● Single side summary of key recall facts taken from specification • Will form basis of frequent key knowledge tests in class and at end of term/topic ● • Foldable to allow them to be stuck in exercise books ● • Black and white for cheaper photocopying • Based on OUP/AQA Topics (44 Topics in all across 3 years and 2 GCSES) NAS: Using Knowledge Organisers to build core knowledge •Key Knowledge recall •Highlight knowledge covered Knowledge organizer for topic ● Issues: Low stakes 'Do Now' Q 5 recall Qs on knowledge covered •Reward 100% Earlier lessons •Simple/quicker Same for every lesson... •Differentiated (copy correct statement, explain why..) Additional opps: Tutor Groups by year - giving low stakes tests. From previous topics covered. Same Qs. Maths/Eng - key ideas we are looking at this term. End of term knowledge tests Spiral learning, interweaving Low stakes, confidence builder Building a bank of revision material DIRT on 'Do Now' Do students know how to revise? Other homeworks... Still room for others eg formative tasks Reference source: Knowledge based curriculum Michaela School (Battle Cry of Tiger Teacher) Starter New learning .LO- link to KO? •Lesson Main Students know what will be tested next lesson. Knowledge Organisers online per class. Update Knowledge Organiser Plenary Revise key knowledge •Students revise / prepare for next lesson •Generate differentiated revision materials Home learning No BR OC FOLD HU RE OHR Z-Fold, Accordion or Fan-Fold Closed Z-Fold 3 Nando's PERisometer Extra Hot Hot Mild/ Medium Extra Mild Take Away Task Selector!000€ Choose your task from the menu below: offer. The Peri-ometer suggests the difficulty or challenge the task may Every term you should attempt at least one 'EXTRA HOT' task! Write a poem or song which summarises the topic. Make it informative but catchy and remember to include key terms... Create a leaflet which summarises the topic we have studied recently. Use key terms, make it informative and eye catching... Create a poster summarising the topic. Use key terms, make it informative and eye catching... Make a revision board game for Summarise the entire topic in the topic. five words and one picture. Use key terms, make it informative and eye catching... To be played by at least two people. Include questions, answers and rules. Create a factsheet summarising the topic, but also add additional research and facts. Use correct terminology and find extra relevant facts (no copy/paste) Create revision flashcards for the topic. Make at least 15. Key term on one side and information on the back. Create a mind map summarising Identify and list the key terms the topic. we've used in the topic. Write a glossary to help you to learn spellings... Explain each key term or idea in a drawing. Then combine each into one large picture that you can interpret. Create a comic strip to explain to summarise the topic. Use pictures and key words to explain the topic in a clear way... Create 10-15 quiz questions about the topic. Write the questions with correct answers separate to test a peer... Make a FaceBook profile page on paper summarising the topic. No more than two A4 pages; use #'s for key words. 2 •Nando's PERi-ometer Extra Hot Hot Mild/ Medium Extra Mild Take Away Task Selector! 000€ Choose your task from the menu below: The Peri-ometer suggests the difficulty or challenge the task Every term you should attempt at least one 'EXTRA HOT' task! may offer. Write a poem or song which summarises the topic. Make it informative but catchy and remember to include key terms... Create a leaflet which summarises the topic we have studied recently. Use key terms, make it informative and eye catching... Create a poster summarising the topic. Use key terms, make it informative and eye catching... Use key terms, make it informative and eye catching... Make a revision board game for Summarise the entire topic in the topic. five words and one picture. To be played by at least two people. Include questions, answers and rules. Create a factsheet summarising the topic, but also add additional research and facts. Use correct terminology and find extra relevant facts (no copy/paste) Create revision flashcards for the topic. Make at least 15. Key term on one side and information on the back. bot Write a glossary to help you to learn spellings... Explain each key term or idea in a drawing. Then combine each into one large picture that you can interpret. Create a comic strip to explain to summarise the topic. Use pictures and key words to explain the topic in a clear way... Create 10-15 quiz questions about the topic. Create a mind map summarising Identify and list the key terms Make a FaceBook profile page the topic. we've used in the topic. on paper summarising the topic. Write the questions with correct answers separate to test a peer... No more than two A4 pages; use #'s for key words.