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28 Dec 2025
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The Kidney's Role in Maintaining Homeostasis
S
sophie
@sophie_tilley
1 / 6
Homeostasis and Kidney Structure
Ever wonder how your body maintains the perfect internal conditions even when you're sweating buckets or drinking loads of water? That's homeostasis - your body's ability to keep everything balanced through negative feedback loops. When something changes, your body automatically reverses that change to get back to normal.
Your kidneys are the ultimate multitaskers with two main jobs: excretion (removing waste) and osmoregulation (controlling water balance). The real workhorses are millions of tiny units called nephrons, each containing a Bowman's capsule that looks like a cup wrapped around a cluster of blood vessels called the glomerulus.
Here's where the magic starts: blood enters the glomerulus under high pressure because the afferent arteriole (bringing blood in) is wider than the efferent arteriole (taking blood out). This pressure difference forces water and small molecules through the capillary walls in a process called ultrafiltration.
Quick Tip: Think of the Bowman's capsule like a coffee filter - it lets the liquid through but keeps the big bits (like blood cells and proteins) behind.
Selective Reabsorption in the PCT
The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) is where your kidney becomes seriously clever. After filtration, the liquid (called filtrate) contains loads of useful stuff your body wants to keep - glucose, amino acids, and most of the water and sodium.
The PCT is perfectly designed for selective reabsorption. Its cells are packed with mitochondria for energy, covered in microvilli to increase surface area, and sit right next to blood capillaries. This setup allows the PCT to grab back 100% of glucose and amino acids, plus most of the water and sodium through various transport methods.
Glucose reabsorption happens through co-transport with sodium ions - they travel together on special transporter proteins. Under normal circumstances, all glucose gets reabsorbed. But if blood glucose is too high (like in diabetes), the transporters get overwhelmed and glucose appears in urine.
Key Concept: The PCT can't reabsorb all the water because you'd be left with no liquid to carry waste products to the bladder - pretty smart design!
The Loop of Henle Water Recovery System
The loop of Henle is like a sophisticated water recycling plant that creates concentrated urine. It has two parts that work in completely different ways: the descending limb and the ascending limb.
The descending limb is permeable to water but not to salt. As filtrate flows down, water moves out by osmosis into the surrounding tissue fluid, making the filtrate more concentrated. Meanwhile, the ascending limb does the opposite - it's impermeable to water but actively pumps out sodium and chloride ions.
This creates a brilliant system called the counter-current multiplier. The longer the loop, the more concentrated your urine can become. Desert animals have incredibly long loops of Henle, whilst aquatic animals have short ones because they don't need to conserve water.
Memory Trick: "Down and Out" - water goes DOWN the descending limb and OUT into surrounding tissues.
ADH and Osmoregulation
Your body has an amazing hormone called antidiuretic hormone (ADH) that acts like a water tap controller. When you're dehydrated, your hypothalamus detects the low water levels and releases more ADH from the pituitary gland.
ADH travels to your kidneys and makes the walls of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting duct more permeable to water. It does this by inserting special water channels called aquaporins into cell membranes. More water gets reabsorbed, producing concentrated urine and conserving precious body water.
This is a perfect example of negative feedback - low water levels trigger ADH release, which increases water reabsorption, which raises water levels back to normal. When you're well-hydrated, less ADH is released, making dilute urine.
Real-World Connection: This is why you produce dark, concentrated urine when dehydrated and pale, dilute urine when you've drunk loads of water.
Kidney Treatment and Comparative Excretion
When kidneys fail, two main treatments can save lives: dialysis and kidney transplants. Haemodialysis uses a machine to clean blood by passing it alongside dialysis fluid separated by a selectively permeable membrane. Waste products diffuse out whilst useful substances stay in the blood.
Kidney transplants offer a better quality of life but require immunosuppressant drugs to prevent rejection. The recipient's immune system sees the new kidney as foreign tissue and tries to attack it, so these drugs are essential despite making patients more susceptible to infections.
Different animals handle nitrogen waste in fascinating ways. Fish excrete ammonia directly (highly toxic but easily dissolved in water), mammals like us convert it to urea (less toxic, needs some water), and birds make uric acid .
Exam Tip: Remember the trade-off - more toxic waste needs more water to dilute it safely, so habitat determines excretion method.
Nephron Types and Water Potential
Not all nephrons are created equal! Cortical nephrons have short loops of Henle and produce dilute urine - perfect for animals in water-rich environments. Juxtamedullary nephrons have long loops that penetrate deep into the medulla, creating very concentrated urine for water conservation.
Desert animals like kangaroo rats get most of their water from metabolic water - the water produced when food molecules are broken down during respiration. They have mostly juxtamedullary nephrons and can produce urine more concentrated than seawater!
Understanding water potential is crucial here. Water always moves from high water potential (low solute concentration) to low water potential (high solute concentration) across partially permeable membranes. This principle drives the entire kidney system.
Amazing Fact: Some desert animals never need to drink water - their kidneys are so efficient they can survive entirely on metabolic water from their food!
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Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
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Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
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This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The Kidney's Role in Maintaining Homeostasis
S
sophie
@sophie_tilley
Your kidneys are incredible organs that work 24/7 to keep your body chemistry perfectly balanced. They're like sophisticated filters and recycling centres, removing toxic waste whilst carefully saving the good stuff your body needs.
Homeostasis and Kidney Structure
Ever wonder how your body maintains the perfect internal conditions even when you're sweating buckets or drinking loads of water? That's homeostasis - your body's ability to keep everything balanced through negative feedback loops. When something changes, your body automatically reverses that change to get back to normal.
Your kidneys are the ultimate multitaskers with two main jobs: excretion (removing waste) and osmoregulation (controlling water balance). The real workhorses are millions of tiny units called nephrons, each containing a Bowman's capsule that looks like a cup wrapped around a cluster of blood vessels called the glomerulus.
Here's where the magic starts: blood enters the glomerulus under high pressure because the afferent arteriole (bringing blood in) is wider than the efferent arteriole (taking blood out). This pressure difference forces water and small molecules through the capillary walls in a process called ultrafiltration.
Quick Tip: Think of the Bowman's capsule like a coffee filter - it lets the liquid through but keeps the big bits (like blood cells and proteins) behind.
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Selective Reabsorption in the PCT
The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) is where your kidney becomes seriously clever. After filtration, the liquid (called filtrate) contains loads of useful stuff your body wants to keep - glucose, amino acids, and most of the water and sodium.
The PCT is perfectly designed for selective reabsorption. Its cells are packed with mitochondria for energy, covered in microvilli to increase surface area, and sit right next to blood capillaries. This setup allows the PCT to grab back 100% of glucose and amino acids, plus most of the water and sodium through various transport methods.
Glucose reabsorption happens through co-transport with sodium ions - they travel together on special transporter proteins. Under normal circumstances, all glucose gets reabsorbed. But if blood glucose is too high (like in diabetes), the transporters get overwhelmed and glucose appears in urine.
Key Concept: The PCT can't reabsorb all the water because you'd be left with no liquid to carry waste products to the bladder - pretty smart design!
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The Loop of Henle Water Recovery System
The loop of Henle is like a sophisticated water recycling plant that creates concentrated urine. It has two parts that work in completely different ways: the descending limb and the ascending limb.
The descending limb is permeable to water but not to salt. As filtrate flows down, water moves out by osmosis into the surrounding tissue fluid, making the filtrate more concentrated. Meanwhile, the ascending limb does the opposite - it's impermeable to water but actively pumps out sodium and chloride ions.
This creates a brilliant system called the counter-current multiplier. The longer the loop, the more concentrated your urine can become. Desert animals have incredibly long loops of Henle, whilst aquatic animals have short ones because they don't need to conserve water.
Memory Trick: "Down and Out" - water goes DOWN the descending limb and OUT into surrounding tissues.
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ADH and Osmoregulation
Your body has an amazing hormone called antidiuretic hormone (ADH) that acts like a water tap controller. When you're dehydrated, your hypothalamus detects the low water levels and releases more ADH from the pituitary gland.
ADH travels to your kidneys and makes the walls of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting duct more permeable to water. It does this by inserting special water channels called aquaporins into cell membranes. More water gets reabsorbed, producing concentrated urine and conserving precious body water.
This is a perfect example of negative feedback - low water levels trigger ADH release, which increases water reabsorption, which raises water levels back to normal. When you're well-hydrated, less ADH is released, making dilute urine.
Real-World Connection: This is why you produce dark, concentrated urine when dehydrated and pale, dilute urine when you've drunk loads of water.
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Kidney Treatment and Comparative Excretion
When kidneys fail, two main treatments can save lives: dialysis and kidney transplants. Haemodialysis uses a machine to clean blood by passing it alongside dialysis fluid separated by a selectively permeable membrane. Waste products diffuse out whilst useful substances stay in the blood.
Kidney transplants offer a better quality of life but require immunosuppressant drugs to prevent rejection. The recipient's immune system sees the new kidney as foreign tissue and tries to attack it, so these drugs are essential despite making patients more susceptible to infections.
Different animals handle nitrogen waste in fascinating ways. Fish excrete ammonia directly (highly toxic but easily dissolved in water), mammals like us convert it to urea (less toxic, needs some water), and birds make uric acid .
Exam Tip: Remember the trade-off - more toxic waste needs more water to dilute it safely, so habitat determines excretion method.
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Nephron Types and Water Potential
Not all nephrons are created equal! Cortical nephrons have short loops of Henle and produce dilute urine - perfect for animals in water-rich environments. Juxtamedullary nephrons have long loops that penetrate deep into the medulla, creating very concentrated urine for water conservation.
Desert animals like kangaroo rats get most of their water from metabolic water - the water produced when food molecules are broken down during respiration. They have mostly juxtamedullary nephrons and can produce urine more concentrated than seawater!
Understanding water potential is crucial here. Water always moves from high water potential (low solute concentration) to low water potential (high solute concentration) across partially permeable membranes. This principle drives the entire kidney system.
Amazing Fact: Some desert animals never need to drink water - their kidneys are so efficient they can survive entirely on metabolic water from their food!
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user