Open the App

Subjects

159

3 Dec 2025

14 pages

EDUQAS A Level Biology: Enzymes Topic Revision Notes

M

Molly Gowar

@mollygowar

Ever wondered how your body manages thousands of chemical reactions... Show more

Page 1
Page 2
Page 3
Page 4
Page 5
Page 6
Page 7
Page 8
Page 9
Page 10
1 / 10
# The Protein Nature of Enzymes

The term metabolism refers to all the reactions of the
body. Reactions occur in sequences called metabolic

The Protein Nature of Enzymes

Your body is basically a massive chemical factory running non-stop reactions called metabolism. These reactions happen in organised sequences called metabolic pathways - think of them like assembly lines where each step feeds into the next.

There are two main types of reactions: anabolic reactions that build things up (like making proteins) and catabolic reactions that break things down (like digestion). What's brilliant is that the product from one reaction becomes the starting material for the next - it's perfectly coordinated.

Enzymes are globular proteins that work as biological catalysts. They're made by living cells and only speed up reactions that would happen anyway - they just make them fast enough for life to actually work. Without enzymes, your cellular reactions would be so slow you'd basically stop functioning.

Key Point: Enzymes aren't used up or changed during reactions - they can be reused thousands of times, which is why your body only needs small amounts of them.

# The Protein Nature of Enzymes

The term metabolism refers to all the reactions of the
body. Reactions occur in sequences called metabolic

Structure of Enzymes

Enzymes are proteins with a specific tertiary structure that folds into a globular shape. The hydrophilic R groups sit on the outside, making enzymes water-soluble - pretty handy since your cells are mostly water!

Each enzyme has its own unique sequence of amino acids, and the bonds between them (hydrogen bonds, disulphide bonds, and ionic bonds) hold the whole molecule in its precise 3D shape. This shape is absolutely critical because it creates the active site - a small area with a specific 3D structure.

Enzymes work in three different locations: extracellular enzymes get secreted outside cells (like digestive enzymes), intracellular enzymes in solution work inside cells (like those in glucose breakdown), and membrane-bound enzymes attach to membranes (like those making ATP in mitochondria).

Remember: The enzyme's shape determines its function - change the shape and you change what it can do.

# The Protein Nature of Enzymes

The term metabolism refers to all the reactions of the
body. Reactions occur in sequences called metabolic

Active Sites

The active site is where all the action happens - it's the specific 3D area where the substrate (the molecule being worked on) temporarily binds to form an enzyme-substrate complex. Once the reaction finishes, products are released and the enzyme is ready to go again.

The lock and key model explains this beautifully: the active site has a complementary shape to its specific substrate, like a lock that only fits one key. This specificity means each enzyme only catalyses one type of reaction - no accidents or mix-ups.

When the substrate fits into the active site, temporary bonds form between them. After the reaction, products are released, leaving the enzyme completely unchanged and ready for the next substrate molecule.

Top Tip: Think of enzymes like reusable tools - they do their job perfectly every time and never wear out from normal use.

# The Protein Nature of Enzymes

The term metabolism refers to all the reactions of the
body. Reactions occur in sequences called metabolic

The Induced Fit Model

The induced fit model gives us a more accurate picture than the simple lock and key idea. Here, the enzyme's active site actually changes shape slightly to accommodate the substrate - like a flexible glove moulding around your hand.

As the enzyme changes shape around the substrate, it puts strain on the substrate's chemical bonds. This lowers the activation energy needed to break those bonds, making the reaction much easier to happen.

Lysozyme is a perfect example - it's the antibacterial enzyme in your saliva and tears. Its active site forms a groove that bacterial cell wall sugars fit into, then the groove closes around them, changing the enzyme's shape to catalyse the reaction.

Key Insight: The shape change isn't just about fitting together - it actually makes the chemical reaction easier by weakening the bonds that need to break.

# The Protein Nature of Enzymes

The term metabolism refers to all the reactions of the
body. Reactions occur in sequences called metabolic

Enzymes and Activation Energy

For any chemical reaction to happen, molecules need enough kinetic energy to get close enough to react. The minimum energy required is called the activation energy - think of it as the energy barrier that must be overcome.

In non-living systems, you'd add heat to give molecules more kinetic energy. But in living organisms, temperatures above 40°C cause proteins to denature (permanently lose their shape), which would be fatal.

Enzymes work by lowering the activation energy required for reactions. When a substrate enters the active site, the enzyme's shape change makes it much easier for the reaction to occur at normal body temperature.

Why This Matters: Without enzymes lowering activation energy, your body would need to be dangerously hot for essential reactions to happen fast enough.

# The Protein Nature of Enzymes

The term metabolism refers to all the reactions of the
body. Reactions occur in sequences called metabolic

The Course of an Enzyme-Controlled Reaction

When you plot an enzyme-catalysed reaction over time, you get a characteristic curve that tells the whole story. Initially, there's loads of substrate and empty active sites, so collisions happen frequently and products form rapidly.

As the reaction progresses, enzyme concentration becomes the limiting factor when there's still plenty of substrate around. More enzymes would mean more active sites and faster reactions.

Later, as substrate gets used up, substrate concentration becomes limiting instead. Eventually, all substrate is converted to products and the line plateaus - no more substrate means no more reaction.

Rate Calculation: Rate = Change in Mass ÷ Time, and % Change = (Change in Mass ÷ Initial Mass) × 100

# The Protein Nature of Enzymes

The term metabolism refers to all the reactions of the
body. Reactions occur in sequences called metabolic

Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Action

Temperature has a dramatic effect on enzyme activity. Higher temperatures increase the kinetic energy of both enzyme and substrate molecules, making successful collisions more frequent and speeding up reactions.

However, above 40°C, the increased molecular vibration starts breaking the hydrogen bonds that maintain the enzyme's tertiary structure. This changes the active site shape so the substrate no longer fits - the enzyme becomes denatured.

Denaturation is permanent - once those bonds are broken, the enzyme can't regain its original shape. At low temperatures, enzymes become inactivated (temporarily inactive) but aren't damaged, so warming them up restores their activity.

Temperature Sweet Spot: Most human enzymes work best around 37°C - your normal body temperature isn't a coincidence!

# The Protein Nature of Enzymes

The term metabolism refers to all the reactions of the
body. Reactions occur in sequences called metabolic

Effect of pH on Enzyme Action

Most enzymes have an optimum pH where they work best - usually around pH 7, though some (like pepsin in your stomach) prefer more extreme conditions.

pH affects the charges on amino acid side-chains in the active site. At low pH, excess H⁺ ions neutralise negative charges. At high pH, excess OH⁻ ions neutralise positive charges. Both extremes disrupt the ionic and hydrogen bonds maintaining the active site's shape.

Small pH changes around the optimum cause small, reversible changes in enzyme structure. But extreme pH values cause denaturation - the active site permanently loses its shape and can't form enzyme-substrate complexes.

pH Memory Trick: Think of Goldilocks - enzymes need pH to be "just right," not too acidic or too basic.

# The Protein Nature of Enzymes

The term metabolism refers to all the reactions of the
body. Reactions occur in sequences called metabolic

Effect of Enzyme Concentration

Since enzymes can be reused once products leave the active site, you only need low enzyme concentrations to catalyse loads of reactions. The turnover number tells you how many substrate molecules one enzyme can convert per second.

Catalase is incredibly fast with a turnover number of 40 million molecules per second - it breaks down toxic hydrogen peroxide in your cells. Most enzymes aren't quite this speedy, but they're still remarkably efficient.

As enzyme concentration increases, more active sites become available, so the rate of reaction increases proportionally. When enzyme concentration is low, it becomes the limiting factor controlling how fast reactions can happen.

Efficiency Fact: Enzymes are so efficient that your body can run thousands of different reactions simultaneously with relatively small amounts of each enzyme.

# The Protein Nature of Enzymes

The term metabolism refers to all the reactions of the
body. Reactions occur in sequences called metabolic

Effect of Substrate Concentration

Substrate concentration also controls reaction rates, but in a different way. With low substrate concentration, enzyme molecules have few substrate molecules to collide with, so active sites aren't working to full capacity.

As you add more substrate, more active sites get filled and the reaction rate increases. Substrate concentration is the limiting factor until you reach a critical point where all active sites are occupied.

Once the enzyme becomes saturated (all active sites full), adding more substrate won't increase the reaction rate - the line plateaus. Now substrate concentration is no longer limiting because there simply aren't enough free active sites to use the extra substrate.

Saturation Point: Think of it like a car park - once it's full, more cars arriving won't increase the number of parked cars until some spaces become free.



We thought you’d never ask...

What is the Knowunity AI companion?

Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.

Where can I download the Knowunity app?

You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.

Is Knowunity really free of charge?

That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.

Most popular content: Enzymes

Most popular content in Biology

Most popular content

English - inspector calls quotes and analysis

Quotes from every main character

English LiteratureEnglish Literature
10

Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Students love us — and so will you.

4.9/5

App Store

4.8/5

Google Play

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user

 

Biology

159

3 Dec 2025

14 pages

EDUQAS A Level Biology: Enzymes Topic Revision Notes

M

Molly Gowar

@mollygowar

Ever wondered how your body manages thousands of chemical reactions every second? It's all down to enzymes - amazing protein molecules that act like biological catalysts, speeding up reactions that keep you alive. Understanding how these molecular machines work is... Show more

# The Protein Nature of Enzymes

The term metabolism refers to all the reactions of the
body. Reactions occur in sequences called metabolic

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

The Protein Nature of Enzymes

Your body is basically a massive chemical factory running non-stop reactions called metabolism. These reactions happen in organised sequences called metabolic pathways - think of them like assembly lines where each step feeds into the next.

There are two main types of reactions: anabolic reactions that build things up (like making proteins) and catabolic reactions that break things down (like digestion). What's brilliant is that the product from one reaction becomes the starting material for the next - it's perfectly coordinated.

Enzymes are globular proteins that work as biological catalysts. They're made by living cells and only speed up reactions that would happen anyway - they just make them fast enough for life to actually work. Without enzymes, your cellular reactions would be so slow you'd basically stop functioning.

Key Point: Enzymes aren't used up or changed during reactions - they can be reused thousands of times, which is why your body only needs small amounts of them.

# The Protein Nature of Enzymes

The term metabolism refers to all the reactions of the
body. Reactions occur in sequences called metabolic

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Structure of Enzymes

Enzymes are proteins with a specific tertiary structure that folds into a globular shape. The hydrophilic R groups sit on the outside, making enzymes water-soluble - pretty handy since your cells are mostly water!

Each enzyme has its own unique sequence of amino acids, and the bonds between them (hydrogen bonds, disulphide bonds, and ionic bonds) hold the whole molecule in its precise 3D shape. This shape is absolutely critical because it creates the active site - a small area with a specific 3D structure.

Enzymes work in three different locations: extracellular enzymes get secreted outside cells (like digestive enzymes), intracellular enzymes in solution work inside cells (like those in glucose breakdown), and membrane-bound enzymes attach to membranes (like those making ATP in mitochondria).

Remember: The enzyme's shape determines its function - change the shape and you change what it can do.

# The Protein Nature of Enzymes

The term metabolism refers to all the reactions of the
body. Reactions occur in sequences called metabolic

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Active Sites

The active site is where all the action happens - it's the specific 3D area where the substrate (the molecule being worked on) temporarily binds to form an enzyme-substrate complex. Once the reaction finishes, products are released and the enzyme is ready to go again.

The lock and key model explains this beautifully: the active site has a complementary shape to its specific substrate, like a lock that only fits one key. This specificity means each enzyme only catalyses one type of reaction - no accidents or mix-ups.

When the substrate fits into the active site, temporary bonds form between them. After the reaction, products are released, leaving the enzyme completely unchanged and ready for the next substrate molecule.

Top Tip: Think of enzymes like reusable tools - they do their job perfectly every time and never wear out from normal use.

# The Protein Nature of Enzymes

The term metabolism refers to all the reactions of the
body. Reactions occur in sequences called metabolic

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

The Induced Fit Model

The induced fit model gives us a more accurate picture than the simple lock and key idea. Here, the enzyme's active site actually changes shape slightly to accommodate the substrate - like a flexible glove moulding around your hand.

As the enzyme changes shape around the substrate, it puts strain on the substrate's chemical bonds. This lowers the activation energy needed to break those bonds, making the reaction much easier to happen.

Lysozyme is a perfect example - it's the antibacterial enzyme in your saliva and tears. Its active site forms a groove that bacterial cell wall sugars fit into, then the groove closes around them, changing the enzyme's shape to catalyse the reaction.

Key Insight: The shape change isn't just about fitting together - it actually makes the chemical reaction easier by weakening the bonds that need to break.

# The Protein Nature of Enzymes

The term metabolism refers to all the reactions of the
body. Reactions occur in sequences called metabolic

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Enzymes and Activation Energy

For any chemical reaction to happen, molecules need enough kinetic energy to get close enough to react. The minimum energy required is called the activation energy - think of it as the energy barrier that must be overcome.

In non-living systems, you'd add heat to give molecules more kinetic energy. But in living organisms, temperatures above 40°C cause proteins to denature (permanently lose their shape), which would be fatal.

Enzymes work by lowering the activation energy required for reactions. When a substrate enters the active site, the enzyme's shape change makes it much easier for the reaction to occur at normal body temperature.

Why This Matters: Without enzymes lowering activation energy, your body would need to be dangerously hot for essential reactions to happen fast enough.

# The Protein Nature of Enzymes

The term metabolism refers to all the reactions of the
body. Reactions occur in sequences called metabolic

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

The Course of an Enzyme-Controlled Reaction

When you plot an enzyme-catalysed reaction over time, you get a characteristic curve that tells the whole story. Initially, there's loads of substrate and empty active sites, so collisions happen frequently and products form rapidly.

As the reaction progresses, enzyme concentration becomes the limiting factor when there's still plenty of substrate around. More enzymes would mean more active sites and faster reactions.

Later, as substrate gets used up, substrate concentration becomes limiting instead. Eventually, all substrate is converted to products and the line plateaus - no more substrate means no more reaction.

Rate Calculation: Rate = Change in Mass ÷ Time, and % Change = (Change in Mass ÷ Initial Mass) × 100

# The Protein Nature of Enzymes

The term metabolism refers to all the reactions of the
body. Reactions occur in sequences called metabolic

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Action

Temperature has a dramatic effect on enzyme activity. Higher temperatures increase the kinetic energy of both enzyme and substrate molecules, making successful collisions more frequent and speeding up reactions.

However, above 40°C, the increased molecular vibration starts breaking the hydrogen bonds that maintain the enzyme's tertiary structure. This changes the active site shape so the substrate no longer fits - the enzyme becomes denatured.

Denaturation is permanent - once those bonds are broken, the enzyme can't regain its original shape. At low temperatures, enzymes become inactivated (temporarily inactive) but aren't damaged, so warming them up restores their activity.

Temperature Sweet Spot: Most human enzymes work best around 37°C - your normal body temperature isn't a coincidence!

# The Protein Nature of Enzymes

The term metabolism refers to all the reactions of the
body. Reactions occur in sequences called metabolic

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Effect of pH on Enzyme Action

Most enzymes have an optimum pH where they work best - usually around pH 7, though some (like pepsin in your stomach) prefer more extreme conditions.

pH affects the charges on amino acid side-chains in the active site. At low pH, excess H⁺ ions neutralise negative charges. At high pH, excess OH⁻ ions neutralise positive charges. Both extremes disrupt the ionic and hydrogen bonds maintaining the active site's shape.

Small pH changes around the optimum cause small, reversible changes in enzyme structure. But extreme pH values cause denaturation - the active site permanently loses its shape and can't form enzyme-substrate complexes.

pH Memory Trick: Think of Goldilocks - enzymes need pH to be "just right," not too acidic or too basic.

# The Protein Nature of Enzymes

The term metabolism refers to all the reactions of the
body. Reactions occur in sequences called metabolic

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Effect of Enzyme Concentration

Since enzymes can be reused once products leave the active site, you only need low enzyme concentrations to catalyse loads of reactions. The turnover number tells you how many substrate molecules one enzyme can convert per second.

Catalase is incredibly fast with a turnover number of 40 million molecules per second - it breaks down toxic hydrogen peroxide in your cells. Most enzymes aren't quite this speedy, but they're still remarkably efficient.

As enzyme concentration increases, more active sites become available, so the rate of reaction increases proportionally. When enzyme concentration is low, it becomes the limiting factor controlling how fast reactions can happen.

Efficiency Fact: Enzymes are so efficient that your body can run thousands of different reactions simultaneously with relatively small amounts of each enzyme.

# The Protein Nature of Enzymes

The term metabolism refers to all the reactions of the
body. Reactions occur in sequences called metabolic

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Effect of Substrate Concentration

Substrate concentration also controls reaction rates, but in a different way. With low substrate concentration, enzyme molecules have few substrate molecules to collide with, so active sites aren't working to full capacity.

As you add more substrate, more active sites get filled and the reaction rate increases. Substrate concentration is the limiting factor until you reach a critical point where all active sites are occupied.

Once the enzyme becomes saturated (all active sites full), adding more substrate won't increase the reaction rate - the line plateaus. Now substrate concentration is no longer limiting because there simply aren't enough free active sites to use the extra substrate.

Saturation Point: Think of it like a car park - once it's full, more cars arriving won't increase the number of parked cars until some spaces become free.

We thought you’d never ask...

What is the Knowunity AI companion?

Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.

Where can I download the Knowunity app?

You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.

Is Knowunity really free of charge?

That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.

7

Smart Tools NEW

Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines

Mock Exam
Quiz
Flashcards
Essay

Similar content

Understanding Enzymes

Explore the essential role of enzymes in biochemical reactions, including their structure, function, and mechanisms of action. This summary covers key concepts such as the active site, enzyme specificity, types of inhibitors, and factors affecting enzyme activity. Ideal for A-Level students seeking a comprehensive overview of enzymatic processes.

BiologyBiology
12

Enzyme Activity Factors

Explore the key concepts of enzyme activity, including examples like catalase, amylase, and trypsin. Understand how temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, and substrate concentration affect reaction rates. This summary covers the Lock & Key and Induced Fit models, emphasizing the role of enzymes as biological catalysts that lower activation energy. Ideal for A-Level Biology students across all exam boards.

BiologyBiology
12

Enzyme Function Overview

Explore the essential roles of enzymes in biological reactions with this detailed overview. Understand the enzyme-substrate complex, the significance of active sites, and the impact of temperature and pH on enzyme activity. Ideal for biology students seeking to grasp the fundamentals of enzymatic processes.

BiologyBiology
9

Enzyme Activity Factors

Explore the key factors affecting enzyme activity, including temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, and substrate concentration. This summary covers the mechanisms of enzyme action, the induced-fit model, competitive inhibition, and practical investigations into enzyme kinetics. Ideal for A Level Biology students preparing for exams.

BiologyBiology
12

Understanding Enzyme Inhibition

Explore the mechanisms of enzyme inhibitors, focusing on competitive and non-competitive inhibition. This summary covers key concepts such as the active site, allosteric site, and the enzyme-substrate complex, providing insights into how inhibitors affect reaction rates. Ideal for students studying biological molecules.

BiologyBiology
12

Enzyme Function & Factors

Explore the role of enzymes as biological catalysts in digestion, including key digestive enzymes like amylase, proteases, and lipases. Understand how temperature and pH affect enzyme activity and the concept of denaturation. This summary provides essential insights for biology students studying enzyme kinetics and digestion.

BiologyBiology
11

Most popular content: Enzymes

Most popular content in Biology

Most popular content

English - inspector calls quotes and analysis

Quotes from every main character

English LiteratureEnglish Literature
10

Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Students love us — and so will you.

4.9/5

App Store

4.8/5

Google Play

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user