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Biology

Cell biology

Transport in cells

Comparing diffusion, osmosis and active transport

185

•

31 Jan 2023

•

5 pages

Fun with Plant Respiration and Cool Genetic Engineering!

user profile picture

Brooke Lindsay

@brookelindsay_bjhd

This comprehensive guide covers key biological concepts including respiration, genetic... Show more

SISE Biology Respiration Process of cells releasing. energy from glucose (sugar) energy released = ATP-high energy compound. AOP+ AT ->ATP A

Genetic Engineering and DNA Structure

Genetic engineering is a process that involves manipulating an organism's DNA. The steps of genetic engineering in biology include:

  1. Identifying and extracting a gene from a chromosome using enzymes
  2. Removing a plasmid from bacteria
  3. Inserting the gene into the plasmid
  4. Inserting the modified plasmid into a new bacterial cell
  5. Growing the bacteria to produce more copies of the gene

Highlight: These 5 steps of genetic engineering form the basis of many biotechnology applications.

DNA structure and protein production:

  • DNA is a double helix structure composed of complementary base pairs: Adenine-Thymine and Cytosine-Guanine.
  • Genes are sections of DNA that code for specific proteins.
  • The order of bases on the DNA strand determines the sequence of amino acids in proteins.

Definition: mRNA messengerRNAmessenger RNA is a complementary copy of DNA that carries genetic information to ribosomes for protein synthesis.

Highlight: Understanding the stages of genetic engineering and DNA structure is crucial for comprehending modern biotechnology techniques.

SISE Biology Respiration Process of cells releasing. energy from glucose (sugar) energy released = ATP-high energy compound. AOP+ AT ->ATP A

Cell Structure and Functions

Different types of cells animal,plant,fungal,andbacterialanimal, plant, fungal, and bacterial have distinct structures, but share some common components:

  1. Nucleus: Controls and stores DNA
  2. Cytoplasm: Site of chemical reactions
  3. Ribosomes: Responsible for protein synthesis
  4. Mitochondria: Site of aerobic respiration
  5. Cell membrane: Controls entry and exit of substances

Plant cells have additional structures:

  • Cell wall: Provides support and protection
  • Chloroplasts: Site of photosynthesis
  • Large vacuole: Maintains cell turgidity

Bacterial cells have unique features:

  • Plasmid: A ring of DNA
  • Lack of membrane-bound organelles

Highlight: The location and function of cellular components are crucial for understanding biological processes like protein synthesis and respiration.

Example: Enzymes' role in protein synthesis is primarily carried out in ribosomes, where amino acids are linked together based on the mRNA sequence.

SISE Biology Respiration Process of cells releasing. energy from glucose (sugar) energy released = ATP-high energy compound. AOP+ AT ->ATP A

Cell Membrane and Transport Mechanisms

The cell membrane is a selectively permeable barrier that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. There are several transport mechanisms:

  1. Diffusion: Passive movement of molecules from high to low concentration
  2. Osmosis: Passive movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane
  3. Active transport: Movement of ions or molecules against the concentration gradient, requiring energy

Example: Carbon dioxide moves out of cells by diffusion.

Cell responses to osmotic conditions:

  • Plant cells: High water concentration: Turgid Equal concentration: Normal Low water concentration: Plasmolysed
  • Animal cells: High water concentration: May burst Equal concentration: Normal Low water concentration: Shrink

Highlight: Plant cells do not burst in high water concentrations due to their cell wall.

SISE Biology Respiration Process of cells releasing. energy from glucose (sugar) energy released = ATP-high energy compound. AOP+ AT ->ATP A

Proteins and Enzymes

Proteins have various functions in organisms, including:

  • Hormones
  • Hemoglobin
  • Receptors
  • Enzymes
  • Antibodies

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in cells. They work by:

  1. Binding to a substrate at the active site
  2. Facilitating the reaction eitherdegradationorsynthesiseither degradation or synthesis
  3. Releasing the products

Definition: The enzyme function is to lower the activation energy required for biochemical reactions.

Factors affecting enzyme activity:

  • Temperature: Enzymes have an optimum temperature e.g.,37°Cforhumanenzymese.g., 37°C for human enzymes
  • pH: Each enzyme has an optimal pH range

Highlight: If temperature or pH exceeds the optimum, enzymes can become denatured, changing the shape of their active site and stopping the reaction.

Example: In protein synthesis, enzymes play crucial roles in various steps, including DNA replication, transcription, and translation.

SISE Biology Respiration Process of cells releasing. energy from glucose (sugar) energy released = ATP-high energy compound. AOP+ AT ->ATP A

Respiration and Energy Production in Cells

Respiration is the process by which cells release energy from glucose. This energy is stored in the form of ATP, a high-energy compound. There are two main types of respiration:

  1. Aerobic respiration: Requires oxygen and occurs in the mitochondria. It produces 38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
  2. Anaerobic respiration: Does not require oxygen and occurs in the cytoplasm. It produces only 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.

Highlight: The difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration processes lies in their oxygen requirements and energy yield.

Anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast follows a different pathway compared to animals:

Example: In plants and yeast, the anaerobic respiration equation is: Glucose → 2 Pyruvate → CO₂ + Ethanol + 2 ATP

Vocabulary: Fermentation is the term used for anaerobic respiration in animals, plants, and yeast.

Where does anaerobic respiration occur? It takes place in the cytoplasm of cells, unlike aerobic respiration which occurs in mitochondria.

Definition: The anaerobic respiration word equation for animals is: Glucose → 2 Pyruvate ↔ 2 Lactate + 2 ATP



Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Students love us — and so will you.

4.9/5

App Store

4.8/5

Google Play

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user

Subjects

Biology

Cell biology

Transport in cells

Comparing diffusion, osmosis and active transport

 

Biology

•

185

•

31 Jan 2023

•

5 pages

Fun with Plant Respiration and Cool Genetic Engineering!

user profile picture

Brooke Lindsay

@brookelindsay_bjhd

This comprehensive guide covers key biological concepts including respiration, genetic engineering, cell structure, and protein synthesis. It provides detailed explanations of complex processes, making it an excellent resource for students studying biology.

  • Aerobic and anaerobic respiration processesare explained, highlighting... Show more

SISE Biology Respiration Process of cells releasing. energy from glucose (sugar) energy released = ATP-high energy compound. AOP+ AT ->ATP A

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Genetic Engineering and DNA Structure

Genetic engineering is a process that involves manipulating an organism's DNA. The steps of genetic engineering in biology include:

  1. Identifying and extracting a gene from a chromosome using enzymes
  2. Removing a plasmid from bacteria
  3. Inserting the gene into the plasmid
  4. Inserting the modified plasmid into a new bacterial cell
  5. Growing the bacteria to produce more copies of the gene

Highlight: These 5 steps of genetic engineering form the basis of many biotechnology applications.

DNA structure and protein production:

  • DNA is a double helix structure composed of complementary base pairs: Adenine-Thymine and Cytosine-Guanine.
  • Genes are sections of DNA that code for specific proteins.
  • The order of bases on the DNA strand determines the sequence of amino acids in proteins.

Definition: mRNA messengerRNAmessenger RNA is a complementary copy of DNA that carries genetic information to ribosomes for protein synthesis.

Highlight: Understanding the stages of genetic engineering and DNA structure is crucial for comprehending modern biotechnology techniques.

SISE Biology Respiration Process of cells releasing. energy from glucose (sugar) energy released = ATP-high energy compound. AOP+ AT ->ATP A

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Cell Structure and Functions

Different types of cells animal,plant,fungal,andbacterialanimal, plant, fungal, and bacterial have distinct structures, but share some common components:

  1. Nucleus: Controls and stores DNA
  2. Cytoplasm: Site of chemical reactions
  3. Ribosomes: Responsible for protein synthesis
  4. Mitochondria: Site of aerobic respiration
  5. Cell membrane: Controls entry and exit of substances

Plant cells have additional structures:

  • Cell wall: Provides support and protection
  • Chloroplasts: Site of photosynthesis
  • Large vacuole: Maintains cell turgidity

Bacterial cells have unique features:

  • Plasmid: A ring of DNA
  • Lack of membrane-bound organelles

Highlight: The location and function of cellular components are crucial for understanding biological processes like protein synthesis and respiration.

Example: Enzymes' role in protein synthesis is primarily carried out in ribosomes, where amino acids are linked together based on the mRNA sequence.

SISE Biology Respiration Process of cells releasing. energy from glucose (sugar) energy released = ATP-high energy compound. AOP+ AT ->ATP A

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Cell Membrane and Transport Mechanisms

The cell membrane is a selectively permeable barrier that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. There are several transport mechanisms:

  1. Diffusion: Passive movement of molecules from high to low concentration
  2. Osmosis: Passive movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane
  3. Active transport: Movement of ions or molecules against the concentration gradient, requiring energy

Example: Carbon dioxide moves out of cells by diffusion.

Cell responses to osmotic conditions:

  • Plant cells: High water concentration: Turgid Equal concentration: Normal Low water concentration: Plasmolysed
  • Animal cells: High water concentration: May burst Equal concentration: Normal Low water concentration: Shrink

Highlight: Plant cells do not burst in high water concentrations due to their cell wall.

SISE Biology Respiration Process of cells releasing. energy from glucose (sugar) energy released = ATP-high energy compound. AOP+ AT ->ATP A

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Proteins and Enzymes

Proteins have various functions in organisms, including:

  • Hormones
  • Hemoglobin
  • Receptors
  • Enzymes
  • Antibodies

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in cells. They work by:

  1. Binding to a substrate at the active site
  2. Facilitating the reaction eitherdegradationorsynthesiseither degradation or synthesis
  3. Releasing the products

Definition: The enzyme function is to lower the activation energy required for biochemical reactions.

Factors affecting enzyme activity:

  • Temperature: Enzymes have an optimum temperature e.g.,37°Cforhumanenzymese.g., 37°C for human enzymes
  • pH: Each enzyme has an optimal pH range

Highlight: If temperature or pH exceeds the optimum, enzymes can become denatured, changing the shape of their active site and stopping the reaction.

Example: In protein synthesis, enzymes play crucial roles in various steps, including DNA replication, transcription, and translation.

SISE Biology Respiration Process of cells releasing. energy from glucose (sugar) energy released = ATP-high energy compound. AOP+ AT ->ATP A

Sign up to see the contentIt's free!

Access to all documents

Improve your grades

Join milions of students

By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy

Respiration and Energy Production in Cells

Respiration is the process by which cells release energy from glucose. This energy is stored in the form of ATP, a high-energy compound. There are two main types of respiration:

  1. Aerobic respiration: Requires oxygen and occurs in the mitochondria. It produces 38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
  2. Anaerobic respiration: Does not require oxygen and occurs in the cytoplasm. It produces only 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.

Highlight: The difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration processes lies in their oxygen requirements and energy yield.

Anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast follows a different pathway compared to animals:

Example: In plants and yeast, the anaerobic respiration equation is: Glucose → 2 Pyruvate → CO₂ + Ethanol + 2 ATP

Vocabulary: Fermentation is the term used for anaerobic respiration in animals, plants, and yeast.

Where does anaerobic respiration occur? It takes place in the cytoplasm of cells, unlike aerobic respiration which occurs in mitochondria.

Definition: The anaerobic respiration word equation for animals is: Glucose → 2 Pyruvate ↔ 2 Lactate + 2 ATP

Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Students love us — and so will you.

4.9/5

App Store

4.8/5

Google Play

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user