Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells are the two main types of cells found in living organisms. This page covers their key differences and characteristics.
Prokaryotic cells are typically found in bacteria and are smaller (0.2-2.0 μm) compared to eukaryotic cells. They have a simpler structure with DNA found free in the cytoplasm and reproduce through binary fission.
Eukaryotic cells are larger (5-100 μm) and more complex, found in animals, plants, and fungi. They contain membrane-bound organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts (in plants).
Vocabulary: Prokaryotic cells - simpler cells without a nucleus, typically found in bacteria
Vocabulary: Eukaryotic cells - more complex cells with a nucleus and organelles, found in animals, plants, and fungi
The page also covers specialized eukaryotic cells and their adaptations:
- Sperm cells: Streamlined for swimming with many mitochondria for energy
- Nerve cells: Long and branched for transmitting signals
- Root hair cells: Large surface area for water absorption
- Xylem cells: Thickened walls for support and water transport
- Phloem cells: For transporting dissolved sugars and amino acids
Example: A sperm cell has a tail for swimming, many mitochondria for energy, and an enzyme-filled acrosome to penetrate the egg.
The page concludes with information on microscopy techniques:
- Light microscopes: Lower magnification but can view living specimens
- Electron microscopes: Higher magnification and resolution but only for dead specimens
Highlight: Understanding cell structure and specialization is crucial for GCSE Biology revision and exam success.