Maths
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Responding to change (a2 only)
Infection and response
Homeostasis and response
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Cell biology
Organisms respond to changes in their internal and external environments (a-level only)
Biological molecules
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Britain & the wider world: 1745 -1901
1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
The cold war
Inter-war germany
Medieval period: 1066 -1509
2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
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Biology
6 Dec 2025
31
6 pages
raniya @raniya
Your circulatory system is basically your body's delivery service, working 24/7 to transport oxygen and nutrients to every... Show more
Ever wondered how glucose from your breakfast reaches your brain cells or how oxygen gets from your lungs to your muscles? That's exactly what your circulatory system does - it's the ultimate transport network.
The system has three main components working together your heart (the pump), blood vessels (the pipes), and blood (the delivery fluid). Without this system, your cells would starve and drown in their own waste within minutes.
Your heart is made of special cardiac muscle that never gets tired. Its job is pumping oxygen-rich blood and glucose to every cell for respiration and energy production. The heart itself needs fuel too, which comes through coronary arteries - when these get blocked, it causes a heart attack.
Quick Fact Your heart beats roughly 100,000 times per day, pumping about 7,500 litres of blood!
Your heart isn't just a simple pump - it's actually two pumps working side by side. The right side pumps blood to your lungs, whilst the left side pumps blood around your entire body.
The heart has four chambers two atria (top chambers) and two ventricles (bottom chambers). The left ventricle has much thicker walls than the right because it needs more muscle power to push blood all around your body, not just to your nearby lungs.
Valves act like one-way doors between chambers, preventing blood from flowing backwards. The septum is the wall separating left and right sides, ensuring oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood don't mix.
Exam Tip Remember that the left ventricle is thicker because it pumps blood the furthest distance around your whole body.
Blood is far more complex than you might think - it's not just a red liquid but a mixture of plasma and different types of cells, each with specific roles.
Plasma is the yellow liquid part, transporting dissolved substances like carbon dioxide, digested food, waste products, and hormones. Think of it as the delivery van carrying packages.
Red blood cells are the oxygen specialists. They're shaped like biconcave discs (dented on both sides) to maximise surface area for oxygen pickup. They're packed with haemoglobin, a red protein that binds to oxygen, and they've ditched their nucleus to make more room for this vital cargo.
White blood cells are your body's security team, fighting infections and diseases. Platelets are tiny cell fragments that rush to cuts and form clots, preventing blood loss and keeping harmful bacteria out.
Memory Trick RED cells carry oxygen, WHITE cells fight disease, PLATELETS patch up damage!
Your circulatory system uses three types of blood vessels, each perfectly designed for its specific job. Think of them as different types of roads in your body's transport network.
Arteries carry blood away from your heart at high pressure. They have thick, muscular walls with elastic layers that stretch and recoil with each heartbeat. Their narrow lumen maintains high blood pressure to keep blood moving efficiently.
Veins bring blood back to your heart under much lower pressure. They have thinner walls and wider lumens to reduce friction on the slower-moving blood. Many veins contain valves to prevent blood flowing backwards, especially important in your legs fighting against gravity.
Capillaries are microscopic vessels with walls just one cell thick. This ultra-thin design allows easy diffusion of oxygen, glucose, and waste products between blood and tissue cells - they're where the actual delivery happens.
Key Point Arteries = Away from heart (high pressure), Veins = towards heart (low pressure), Capillaries = exchange sites.
Your blood follows two main circulation routes pulmonary circulation (heart to lungs and back) and systemic circulation (heart to body and back). This double circulation system ensures your blood gets fully oxygenated before reaching your tissues.
The right side of your heart pumps deoxygenated blood through pulmonary arteries to your lungs, where it picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. Pulmonary veins then carry this fresh, oxygenated blood back to the left side of your heart.
Your left ventricle then powerfully pumps this oxygen-rich blood through the aorta and around your entire body via arteries. After delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues through capillaries, the deoxygenated blood returns via veins to the vena cava and back to your heart's right side.
Remember Pulmonary circulation = heart ↔ lungs, Systemic circulation = heart ↔ body tissues.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
raniya
@raniya
Your circulatory system is basically your body's delivery service, working 24/7 to transport oxygen and nutrients to every single cell whilst picking up waste products. Understanding how your heart, blood vessels, and blood work together will help you grasp one... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Ever wondered how glucose from your breakfast reaches your brain cells or how oxygen gets from your lungs to your muscles? That's exactly what your circulatory system does - it's the ultimate transport network.
The system has three main components working together: your heart (the pump), blood vessels (the pipes), and blood (the delivery fluid). Without this system, your cells would starve and drown in their own waste within minutes.
Your heart is made of special cardiac muscle that never gets tired. Its job is pumping oxygen-rich blood and glucose to every cell for respiration and energy production. The heart itself needs fuel too, which comes through coronary arteries - when these get blocked, it causes a heart attack.
Quick Fact: Your heart beats roughly 100,000 times per day, pumping about 7,500 litres of blood!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Your heart isn't just a simple pump - it's actually two pumps working side by side. The right side pumps blood to your lungs, whilst the left side pumps blood around your entire body.
The heart has four chambers: two atria (top chambers) and two ventricles (bottom chambers). The left ventricle has much thicker walls than the right because it needs more muscle power to push blood all around your body, not just to your nearby lungs.
Valves act like one-way doors between chambers, preventing blood from flowing backwards. The septum is the wall separating left and right sides, ensuring oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood don't mix.
Exam Tip: Remember that the left ventricle is thicker because it pumps blood the furthest distance around your whole body.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Blood is far more complex than you might think - it's not just a red liquid but a mixture of plasma and different types of cells, each with specific roles.
Plasma is the yellow liquid part, transporting dissolved substances like carbon dioxide, digested food, waste products, and hormones. Think of it as the delivery van carrying packages.
Red blood cells are the oxygen specialists. They're shaped like biconcave discs (dented on both sides) to maximise surface area for oxygen pickup. They're packed with haemoglobin, a red protein that binds to oxygen, and they've ditched their nucleus to make more room for this vital cargo.
White blood cells are your body's security team, fighting infections and diseases. Platelets are tiny cell fragments that rush to cuts and form clots, preventing blood loss and keeping harmful bacteria out.
Memory Trick: RED cells carry oxygen, WHITE cells fight disease, PLATELETS patch up damage!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Your circulatory system uses three types of blood vessels, each perfectly designed for its specific job. Think of them as different types of roads in your body's transport network.
Arteries carry blood away from your heart at high pressure. They have thick, muscular walls with elastic layers that stretch and recoil with each heartbeat. Their narrow lumen maintains high blood pressure to keep blood moving efficiently.
Veins bring blood back to your heart under much lower pressure. They have thinner walls and wider lumens to reduce friction on the slower-moving blood. Many veins contain valves to prevent blood flowing backwards, especially important in your legs fighting against gravity.
Capillaries are microscopic vessels with walls just one cell thick. This ultra-thin design allows easy diffusion of oxygen, glucose, and waste products between blood and tissue cells - they're where the actual delivery happens.
Key Point: Arteries = Away from heart (high pressure), Veins = towards heart (low pressure), Capillaries = exchange sites.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Your blood follows two main circulation routes: pulmonary circulation (heart to lungs and back) and systemic circulation (heart to body and back). This double circulation system ensures your blood gets fully oxygenated before reaching your tissues.
The right side of your heart pumps deoxygenated blood through pulmonary arteries to your lungs, where it picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. Pulmonary veins then carry this fresh, oxygenated blood back to the left side of your heart.
Your left ventricle then powerfully pumps this oxygen-rich blood through the aorta and around your entire body via arteries. After delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues through capillaries, the deoxygenated blood returns via veins to the vena cava and back to your heart's right side.
Remember: Pulmonary circulation = heart ↔ lungs, Systemic circulation = heart ↔ body tissues.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
2
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Quotes from every main character
English LiteratureApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sociology