Page 3: Reproductive Health and Fertility

This page covers various aspects of reproductive health, including contraception methods and fertility treatments.

Definition: Infertility treatment often involves artificial hormone therapy using FSH and LH to stimulate egg cell maturation and ovulation.

The text explains different contraceptive methods:

• Hormonal methods (progesterone)
• Barrier methods (condoms, diaphragms)
• Surgical methods (sterilization)
• Natural methods

Highlight: The side effects of adrenaline and thyroxine on the body can include changes in menstrual cycles and potential infections when used in contraceptive treatments.

The Endocrine System and Hormones

The endocrine system is a complex network of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. These hormones act as chemical messengers, targeting specific organs and cells to regulate various bodily functions.

Definition: Hormones are chemical molecules released directly into the bloodstream, affecting particular cells in target organs and controlling processes that require constant adjustment.

The main components of the endocrine system include:

1. Pituitary Gland: Produces multiple hormones that regulate body conditions and stimulate other glands.
2. Thyroid Gland: Secretes thyroxine, which regulates metabolism, heart rate, and body temperature.
3. Adrenal Glands: Produce adrenaline, preparing the body for "fight or flight" responses.
4. Pancreas: Releases insulin to regulate blood glucose levels.
5. Testes (in males): Produce testosterone, controlling puberty and sperm production.
6. Ovaries (in females): Secrete estrogen, which is involved in the menstrual cycle.

Highlight: The hormonal coordination in the endocrine system is essential for maintaining homeostasis and regulating various bodily functions.

Blood Glucose Regulation

One of the critical functions of hormonal coordination in Biology is the regulation of blood glucose levels. This process involves the pancreas and two key hormones: insulin and glucagon.

Example: When we eat carbohydrate-rich foods, glucose enters the bloodstream from the gut. The pancreas detects this increase and releases insulin to lower blood glucose levels.

Diabetes is a condition that affects the body's ability to control blood sugar levels. There are two main types:

1. Type 1 Diabetes: Little or no insulin is produced, requiring insulin therapy.
2. Type 2 Diabetes: The body becomes resistant to insulin, often associated with being overweight.

Vocabulary: Glycogen - A form of stored glucose in the liver and muscles.