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How Plants and Cells Make Energy: Light Reactions and Calvin Cycle Fun!

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How Plants and Cells Make Energy: Light Reactions and Calvin Cycle Fun!

Cellular energy processes in plants and cells involve complex mechanisms of thylakoid light dependent reactions in chloroplasts and cellular respiration in mitochondria.

  • The process begins with photosynthesis in chloroplasts, where light energy is captured and converted into chemical energy through electron transport chain reactions
  • The Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma, where carbon dioxide is fixed into glucose through carbon fixation
  • Cellular respiration involves multiple stages including glycolysis, the link reaction, Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP
  • These processes are interconnected through electron carriers and energy molecules like ATP and NADPH
  • The efficiency of these processes depends on environmental conditions like light availability and carbon dioxide concentration

29/06/2023

301

Photosynthesis:
The Chloroplast
Thylakoids increase the surface area for light dependent
reactions
▼
.
.
.
.
Thylakold stacks are called gra

View

Cellular Respiration Processes

Cellular respiration begins with glycolysis in the cytoplasm and continues through several stages in the mitochondria, culminating in oxidative phosphorylation.

Definition: Glycolysis is the initial glucose-breaking process that produces a net yield of 2 ATP and reduces NAD to NADH.

The link reaction connects glycolysis to the Krebs cycle by converting pyruvate to acetyl-CoA in the mitochondrial matrix. The Krebs cycle then generates reduced coenzymes (NADH and FADH2) through a series of reactions.

Highlight: Oxidative phosphorylation occurs on the inner mitochondrial membrane through an electron transport chain, creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.

Example: The complete oxidation of respiratory substrates produces significant ATP through chemiosmosis, where protons flow through ATP synthase.

Vocabulary: Chemiosmosis refers to the process where the proton gradient drives ATP synthesis through ATP synthase.

Photosynthesis:
The Chloroplast
Thylakoids increase the surface area for light dependent
reactions
▼
.
.
.
.
Thylakold stacks are called gra

View

Photosynthesis and Light Reactions

The photosynthetic process begins in the specialized organelles called chloroplasts, which contain stacked membrane structures called thylakoids. These thylakoid light dependent reactions occur on the membrane surface while the Calvin cycle takes place in the surrounding stroma.

Definition: Grana are stacks of thylakoid membranes connected by lamellae, increasing surface area for light reactions.

Highlight: The light-dependent reactions produce NADPH and ATP, which are essential for the Calvin cycle, while oxygen is released as a waste product.

The process involves chlorophyll absorbing light energy, exciting electrons that travel down an electron transport chain. This generates ATP through photophosphorylation and produces NADPH through water photolysis.

Example: Carbon dioxide levels fluctuate over 24 hours, with higher concentrations at night due to the absence of photosynthesis while respiration continues constantly.

Vocabulary: The compensation point occurs when photosynthesis rate equals respiration rate.

The Calvin cycle (carbon fixation) combines CO2 with RuBP to form GP, which is then reduced to triose phosphate using ATP and NADPH, ultimately producing glucose and other organic compounds.

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How Plants and Cells Make Energy: Light Reactions and Calvin Cycle Fun!

Cellular energy processes in plants and cells involve complex mechanisms of thylakoid light dependent reactions in chloroplasts and cellular respiration in mitochondria.

  • The process begins with photosynthesis in chloroplasts, where light energy is captured and converted into chemical energy through electron transport chain reactions
  • The Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma, where carbon dioxide is fixed into glucose through carbon fixation
  • Cellular respiration involves multiple stages including glycolysis, the link reaction, Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP
  • These processes are interconnected through electron carriers and energy molecules like ATP and NADPH
  • The efficiency of these processes depends on environmental conditions like light availability and carbon dioxide concentration

29/06/2023

301

 

12/13

 

Biology

14

Photosynthesis:
The Chloroplast
Thylakoids increase the surface area for light dependent
reactions
▼
.
.
.
.
Thylakold stacks are called gra

Cellular Respiration Processes

Cellular respiration begins with glycolysis in the cytoplasm and continues through several stages in the mitochondria, culminating in oxidative phosphorylation.

Definition: Glycolysis is the initial glucose-breaking process that produces a net yield of 2 ATP and reduces NAD to NADH.

The link reaction connects glycolysis to the Krebs cycle by converting pyruvate to acetyl-CoA in the mitochondrial matrix. The Krebs cycle then generates reduced coenzymes (NADH and FADH2) through a series of reactions.

Highlight: Oxidative phosphorylation occurs on the inner mitochondrial membrane through an electron transport chain, creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.

Example: The complete oxidation of respiratory substrates produces significant ATP through chemiosmosis, where protons flow through ATP synthase.

Vocabulary: Chemiosmosis refers to the process where the proton gradient drives ATP synthesis through ATP synthase.

Photosynthesis:
The Chloroplast
Thylakoids increase the surface area for light dependent
reactions
▼
.
.
.
.
Thylakold stacks are called gra

Photosynthesis and Light Reactions

The photosynthetic process begins in the specialized organelles called chloroplasts, which contain stacked membrane structures called thylakoids. These thylakoid light dependent reactions occur on the membrane surface while the Calvin cycle takes place in the surrounding stroma.

Definition: Grana are stacks of thylakoid membranes connected by lamellae, increasing surface area for light reactions.

Highlight: The light-dependent reactions produce NADPH and ATP, which are essential for the Calvin cycle, while oxygen is released as a waste product.

The process involves chlorophyll absorbing light energy, exciting electrons that travel down an electron transport chain. This generates ATP through photophosphorylation and produces NADPH through water photolysis.

Example: Carbon dioxide levels fluctuate over 24 hours, with higher concentrations at night due to the absence of photosynthesis while respiration continues constantly.

Vocabulary: The compensation point occurs when photosynthesis rate equals respiration rate.

The Calvin cycle (carbon fixation) combines CO2 with RuBP to form GP, which is then reduced to triose phosphate using ATP and NADPH, ultimately producing glucose and other organic compounds.

Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Knowunity is the #1 education app in five European countries

Knowunity has been named a featured story on Apple and has regularly topped the app store charts in the education category in Germany, Italy, Poland, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Join Knowunity today and help millions of students around the world.

Ranked #1 Education App

Download in

Google Play

Download in

App Store

Knowunity is the #1 education app in five European countries

4.9+

Average app rating

15 M

Pupils love Knowunity

#1

In education app charts in 12 countries

950 K+

Students have uploaded notes

Still not convinced? See what other students are saying...

iOS User

I love this app so much, I also use it daily. I recommend Knowunity to everyone!!! I went from a D to an A with it :D

Philip, iOS User

The app is very simple and well designed. So far I have always found everything I was looking for :D

Lena, iOS user

I love this app ❤️ I actually use it every time I study.