Kičmenjaci su najsloženije životinje na našoj planeti - od riba... Show more
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Updated Apr 15, 2026
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Sve o Kičmenjacima: Ribe, Ptice, Sisari i Više
1 / 5
Osnove o kičmenjacima
Zamislite da nemate kosti - ne biste mogli ni da stojite! Kičmenjaci su životinje koje imaju unutrašnji skelet, a glavna stvar koja ih izdvaja je kičma - niz pršljenova koji štiti kičmenu moždinu.
Svi kičmenjaci imaju sličnu građu: glavu, trup i obično rep (mada kod nekih može biti vrlo mali). Većina ima dva para udova - noge, ruke, krila ili peraja.
Postoji jedna važna podela koju moraš da zapamtiš: hladnokrvne i toplokrvne životinje. Hladnokrvne (ribe, vodozemci, gmizavci) ne mogu same da regulišu temperaturu - zato gušteri vole da se sunčaju! Toplokrvne (ptice i sisari) održavaju stalnu temperaturu bez obzira na spoljašnju.
Zapamti: Kičma = glavna karakteristika svih kičmenjaka!
Ribe i vodozemci
Ribe su pravi stanovnici vode. Njihovo vretenasto telo je savršeno za plivanje, a krljušti i sluz štite ih i smanjuju trenje. Dišu na škrge koje filtriraju kiseonik iz vode, a kreću se pomoću peraja.
Ženka polaže ikru (riblja jaja) u vodu, a mužjak je oplođuje spolja. Sve ribe su hladnokrvne - zato su zimi manje aktivne.
Vodozemci su prva grupa životinja koja je "izašla" iz vode, ali nisu se potpuno osamostalili. Njihova gola, vlažna koža mora da bude uvek mokra jer preko nje dišu!
Najzanimljivije kod njih je metamorfoza - preobražaj od punoglavca (koji liči na ribu) do odrasle žabe. Punoglavac živi u vodi i diše na škrge, a odrasla žaba diše na pluća i preko kože.
Zanimljivost: Žaba može da "diše" kožom - zato mora uvek da bude vlažna!
Gmizavci i ptice
Gmizavci su prvi pravi kopnenjaci! Za razliku od vodozemaca, oni imaju suvu kožu sa rožnim krljuštima koja ih štiti od isušivanja. Zato mogu da žive daleko od vode.
Dišu samo na pluća tokom celog života, a polažu jaja sa čvrstom ljuskom na kopnu. Nema metamorfoze - iz jajeta izlazi mala kopija roditelja. Pošto su hladnokrvni, često ih vidiš kako se sunčaju.
Ptice su majstori neba! Perje im omogućava letenje i održava temperaturu tela. Njihove kosti su šuplje i lake - savršeno za letenje. Prednji udovi su im preobraženi u krila.
Ptice imaju neverojan sistem za disanje - pored pluća imaju i vazdušne kese koje im daju dodatnu količinu kiseonika za let. Toplokrvne su sa temperaturom oko 40°C. Polažu jaja sa tvrdim, krečnim ljuskama i brižljivo ih čuvaju.
Važno: Samo ptice imaju perje - to ih razlikuje od svih ostalih životinja!
Sisari - najsloženiji kičmenjaci
Sisari su najuspešnija grupa kičmenjaca - naći ćeš ih svuda! U moru (delfini), na kopnu (psi, mačke) i čak u vazduhu (slepi miševi). Dlaka im pomaže da održe temperaturu tela.
Ono što ih čini posebnim su mlečne žlezde - zato se zovu sisari! Ženke hrane mladunce mlekom koje sadrži sve potrebne hranjive materije. Većina sisara rađa žive mladunce, za razliku od drugih grupa koje polažu jaja.
Imaju najrazvijeniji sistem za disanje sa dijafragmom - mišićem koji pomaže pri disanju. Kao toplokrvni, aktivni su i zimi i leti.
Briga sisara o potomstvu je najbolja u životinjskom svetu - mladunci se hrane majčinim mlekom i uče važne veštine preživljavanja.
Ključna reč: Mleko = glavna karakteristika sisara!
Kako da zapamtiš sve klase
Ne mešaj vodozemce i gmizavce! Vodozemci imaju vlažnu, golu kožu i prolaze metamorfozu (punoglavac → žaba). Gmizavci imaju suvu kožu sa krljuštima i ne menjaju se nakon što se izlegnu.
Za ispit zapamti:
- Ribe = voda + škrge + krljušti + hladnokrvne
- Vodozemci = vlažna koža + metamorfoza + hladnokrvni
- Gmizavci = suva koža + krljušti + hladnokrvni
- Ptice = perje + krila + toplokrvne
- Sisari = dlaka + mleko + toplokrvni
Toplokrvni (ptice i sisari) sami proizvode toplotu, dok hladnokrvni (ribe, vodozemci, gmizavci) zavise od spoljašnje temperature.
Slepi miš možda leti kao ptica, ali je sisar jer ima dlaku i hrani mladunce mlekom!
Za ispit: Hladnokrvni = 3 grupe, Toplokrvni = 2 grupe!
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
Most popular content in Biologija
Most popular content
Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.6/5
App Store
4.7/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Sve o Kičmenjacima: Ribe, Ptice, Sisari i Više
Kičmenjaci su najsloženije životinje na našoj planeti - od riba u moru do ptica u vazduhu i sisara na kopnu. Ono što ih sve povezuje je kičma, unutrašnji skelet koji im daje potporu i omogućava složene pokrete.
Osnove o kičmenjacima
Zamislite da nemate kosti - ne biste mogli ni da stojite! Kičmenjaci su životinje koje imaju unutrašnji skelet, a glavna stvar koja ih izdvaja je kičma - niz pršljenova koji štiti kičmenu moždinu.
Svi kičmenjaci imaju sličnu građu: glavu, trup i obično rep (mada kod nekih može biti vrlo mali). Većina ima dva para udova - noge, ruke, krila ili peraja.
Postoji jedna važna podela koju moraš da zapamtiš: hladnokrvne i toplokrvne životinje. Hladnokrvne (ribe, vodozemci, gmizavci) ne mogu same da regulišu temperaturu - zato gušteri vole da se sunčaju! Toplokrvne (ptice i sisari) održavaju stalnu temperaturu bez obzira na spoljašnju.
Zapamti: Kičma = glavna karakteristika svih kičmenjaka!
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Ribe i vodozemci
Ribe su pravi stanovnici vode. Njihovo vretenasto telo je savršeno za plivanje, a krljušti i sluz štite ih i smanjuju trenje. Dišu na škrge koje filtriraju kiseonik iz vode, a kreću se pomoću peraja.
Ženka polaže ikru (riblja jaja) u vodu, a mužjak je oplođuje spolja. Sve ribe su hladnokrvne - zato su zimi manje aktivne.
Vodozemci su prva grupa životinja koja je "izašla" iz vode, ali nisu se potpuno osamostalili. Njihova gola, vlažna koža mora da bude uvek mokra jer preko nje dišu!
Najzanimljivije kod njih je metamorfoza - preobražaj od punoglavca (koji liči na ribu) do odrasle žabe. Punoglavac živi u vodi i diše na škrge, a odrasla žaba diše na pluća i preko kože.
Zanimljivost: Žaba može da "diše" kožom - zato mora uvek da bude vlažna!
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Gmizavci i ptice
Gmizavci su prvi pravi kopnenjaci! Za razliku od vodozemaca, oni imaju suvu kožu sa rožnim krljuštima koja ih štiti od isušivanja. Zato mogu da žive daleko od vode.
Dišu samo na pluća tokom celog života, a polažu jaja sa čvrstom ljuskom na kopnu. Nema metamorfoze - iz jajeta izlazi mala kopija roditelja. Pošto su hladnokrvni, često ih vidiš kako se sunčaju.
Ptice su majstori neba! Perje im omogućava letenje i održava temperaturu tela. Njihove kosti su šuplje i lake - savršeno za letenje. Prednji udovi su im preobraženi u krila.
Ptice imaju neverojan sistem za disanje - pored pluća imaju i vazdušne kese koje im daju dodatnu količinu kiseonika za let. Toplokrvne su sa temperaturom oko 40°C. Polažu jaja sa tvrdim, krečnim ljuskama i brižljivo ih čuvaju.
Važno: Samo ptice imaju perje - to ih razlikuje od svih ostalih životinja!
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
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Improve your grades
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Sisari - najsloženiji kičmenjaci
Sisari su najuspešnija grupa kičmenjaca - naći ćeš ih svuda! U moru (delfini), na kopnu (psi, mačke) i čak u vazduhu (slepi miševi). Dlaka im pomaže da održe temperaturu tela.
Ono što ih čini posebnim su mlečne žlezde - zato se zovu sisari! Ženke hrane mladunce mlekom koje sadrži sve potrebne hranjive materije. Većina sisara rađa žive mladunce, za razliku od drugih grupa koje polažu jaja.
Imaju najrazvijeniji sistem za disanje sa dijafragmom - mišićem koji pomaže pri disanju. Kao toplokrvni, aktivni su i zimi i leti.
Briga sisara o potomstvu je najbolja u životinjskom svetu - mladunci se hrane majčinim mlekom i uče važne veštine preživljavanja.
Ključna reč: Mleko = glavna karakteristika sisara!
Sign up to see the contentIt's free!
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
Kako da zapamtiš sve klase
Ne mešaj vodozemce i gmizavce! Vodozemci imaju vlažnu, golu kožu i prolaze metamorfozu (punoglavac → žaba). Gmizavci imaju suvu kožu sa krljuštima i ne menjaju se nakon što se izlegnu.
Za ispit zapamti:
- Ribe = voda + škrge + krljušti + hladnokrvne
- Vodozemci = vlažna koža + metamorfoza + hladnokrvni
- Gmizavci = suva koža + krljušti + hladnokrvni
- Ptice = perje + krila + toplokrvne
- Sisari = dlaka + mleko + toplokrvni
Toplokrvni (ptice i sisari) sami proizvode toplotu, dok hladnokrvni (ribe, vodozemci, gmizavci) zavise od spoljašnje temperature.
Slepi miš možda leti kao ptica, ali je sisar jer ima dlaku i hrani mladunce mlekom!
Za ispit: Hladnokrvni = 3 grupe, Toplokrvni = 2 grupe!
We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
Is Knowunity really free of charge?
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
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4.6/5
App Store
4.7/5
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE Knowunity AI. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user