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16 Dec 2025
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Britain Transformed 1918-79: Key Notes for Politics and Economics
I
Isabel Last
@isabellast_sbnm
1 / 4
Interwar Economic Chaos (1918-1939)
The years after WWI were absolutely brutal for Britain's economy. Inflation soared to 50% in 1918-19, whilst unemployment became a massive structural problem that governments kept treating as temporary. Politicians were clueless about how to handle it.
The Liberal Party completely imploded during this period. Lloyd George's coalition fell apart due to scandals and crises, leaving the Liberals split between him and Asquith. This created space for Labour and the Conservatives to dominate British politics for decades.
Conservative governments tried to restore economic stability by returning to the Gold Standard in 1925, fixing the pound at $4.86. This backfired spectacularly - exports became too expensive, leading to more unemployment and the 1926 General Strike. The miners kept striking long after everyone else gave up.
Key Point: The 1922 Geddes Axe slashed government spending, especially on education and social services, showing how economic crises often hit public services first.
Labour's brief stint in power under MacDonald was overshadowed by communist accusations and the Wall Street Crash of 1929. When the economic crisis hit, MacDonald formed a National Government in 1931, abandoning his own party to implement harsh spending cuts that American banks demanded for their £80 million loan.
The Golden Age of Consensus (1945-1964)
After WWII, British politics entered its most stable period ever - the post-war consensus. Both Labour and Conservative parties agreed on key principles: full employment, the welfare state, and government intervention in the economy. Unemployment didn't hit one million again until 1972.
Attlee's Labour government (1945-1951) implemented the Beveridge Report and nationalised major industries like coal, transport, and electricity. They created the modern welfare state whilst keeping inflation low at just 3%. However, Cripps' austerity policies dragged on too long, leaving voters fed up with rationing and restrictions.
The 1947 Convertibility Crisis nearly broke Britain's economy. When American Lend-Lease ended and the Bretton Woods system kicked in, Britain faced a massive dollar gap. The government had to focus everything on exports whilst minimising imports - a tough balancing act.
Remember: Butskellism showed how similar Labour's Gaitskell and Conservative's Butler really were - both used stop-go economics to manage the economy.
When the Conservatives returned in 1951-1964, they surprisingly continued Labour's policies. They abandoned austerity, embraced consumerism, and maintained full employment. Butler's stop-go economics allegedly timed economic booms to coincide with elections - clever politics, if true.
The Consensus Collapses (1964-1979)
By the 1960s, Britain's economic miracle was running out of steam. Wilson's Labour government promised the "white heat of technology" but delivered economic crisis instead. Despite claiming he wouldn't devalue the pound, Wilson did exactly that in 1967 with his famous "pound in your pocket" speech.
Heath's Conservative government marked a radical break from consensus politics. The Selsdon Manifesto promised free-market policies, but reality hit hard. Unemployment reached one million for the first time since the 1930s, and the 1972 Coal Miners' Strike showed who really had power.
The 1973 Oil Shock and another miners' strike in 1974 forced Heath to implement a Three Day Week to conserve fuel. His "Who Governs?" election was a desperate attempt to assert government authority - but he lost, and voters turned to the Liberals as neither major party seemed trustworthy.
Turning Point: The Winter of Discontent (1978-79) destroyed Labour's relationship with the trade unions and ended the post-war consensus forever.
Wilson and Callaghan's final Labour government tried the Social Contract with unions to control wage rises, but inflation hit 25% in 1976. The Winter of Discontent saw strikes by binmen, gravediggers, and other public workers. Callaghan appeared completely out of touch, setting the stage for Thatcher's revolution.
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Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
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Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
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Basil
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This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
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The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
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In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
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very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
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I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
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THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
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This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
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The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
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This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Britain Transformed 1918-79: Key Notes for Politics and Economics
I
Isabel Last
@isabellast_sbnm
Britain's economy from 1918-1979 was a rollercoaster of booms, busts, and major political shifts. From post-war struggles through the Great Depression to the post-war consensus and its eventual breakdown, this period shows how governments tried different approaches to tackle unemployment,... Show more
Interwar Economic Chaos (1918-1939)
The years after WWI were absolutely brutal for Britain's economy. Inflation soared to 50% in 1918-19, whilst unemployment became a massive structural problem that governments kept treating as temporary. Politicians were clueless about how to handle it.
The Liberal Party completely imploded during this period. Lloyd George's coalition fell apart due to scandals and crises, leaving the Liberals split between him and Asquith. This created space for Labour and the Conservatives to dominate British politics for decades.
Conservative governments tried to restore economic stability by returning to the Gold Standard in 1925, fixing the pound at $4.86. This backfired spectacularly - exports became too expensive, leading to more unemployment and the 1926 General Strike. The miners kept striking long after everyone else gave up.
Key Point: The 1922 Geddes Axe slashed government spending, especially on education and social services, showing how economic crises often hit public services first.
Labour's brief stint in power under MacDonald was overshadowed by communist accusations and the Wall Street Crash of 1929. When the economic crisis hit, MacDonald formed a National Government in 1931, abandoning his own party to implement harsh spending cuts that American banks demanded for their £80 million loan.
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The Golden Age of Consensus (1945-1964)
After WWII, British politics entered its most stable period ever - the post-war consensus. Both Labour and Conservative parties agreed on key principles: full employment, the welfare state, and government intervention in the economy. Unemployment didn't hit one million again until 1972.
Attlee's Labour government (1945-1951) implemented the Beveridge Report and nationalised major industries like coal, transport, and electricity. They created the modern welfare state whilst keeping inflation low at just 3%. However, Cripps' austerity policies dragged on too long, leaving voters fed up with rationing and restrictions.
The 1947 Convertibility Crisis nearly broke Britain's economy. When American Lend-Lease ended and the Bretton Woods system kicked in, Britain faced a massive dollar gap. The government had to focus everything on exports whilst minimising imports - a tough balancing act.
Remember: Butskellism showed how similar Labour's Gaitskell and Conservative's Butler really were - both used stop-go economics to manage the economy.
When the Conservatives returned in 1951-1964, they surprisingly continued Labour's policies. They abandoned austerity, embraced consumerism, and maintained full employment. Butler's stop-go economics allegedly timed economic booms to coincide with elections - clever politics, if true.
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The Consensus Collapses (1964-1979)
By the 1960s, Britain's economic miracle was running out of steam. Wilson's Labour government promised the "white heat of technology" but delivered economic crisis instead. Despite claiming he wouldn't devalue the pound, Wilson did exactly that in 1967 with his famous "pound in your pocket" speech.
Heath's Conservative government marked a radical break from consensus politics. The Selsdon Manifesto promised free-market policies, but reality hit hard. Unemployment reached one million for the first time since the 1930s, and the 1972 Coal Miners' Strike showed who really had power.
The 1973 Oil Shock and another miners' strike in 1974 forced Heath to implement a Three Day Week to conserve fuel. His "Who Governs?" election was a desperate attempt to assert government authority - but he lost, and voters turned to the Liberals as neither major party seemed trustworthy.
Turning Point: The Winter of Discontent (1978-79) destroyed Labour's relationship with the trade unions and ended the post-war consensus forever.
Wilson and Callaghan's final Labour government tried the Social Contract with unions to control wage rises, but inflation hit 25% in 1976. The Winter of Discontent saw strikes by binmen, gravediggers, and other public workers. Callaghan appeared completely out of touch, setting the stage for Thatcher's revolution.
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We thought you’d never ask...
What is the Knowunity AI companion?
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
Where can I download the Knowunity app?
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Is Knowunity really free of charge?
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Most popular content: Heath's Government (1970-1974)
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Quotes from every main character
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Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.
Students love us — and so will you.
4.9/5
App Store
4.8/5
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The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
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This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user