Example: A 2kg mass of water requires twice as much energy to increase its temperature compared to 1kg of water due to having twice the number of particles.

Definition: Specific heat capacity is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance, calculated using ΔE = m × c × ΔΘ.

Highlight: Work done against friction causes temperature increases in objects due to energy transfer.

Definition: Efficiency is calculated as (Useful Energy Output ÷ Total Energy Input) × 100.

Highlight: U-values measure insulation effectiveness - lower values indicate better heat insulation.

Example: A solid brick wall has a U-value of 2.0 W/m², while a cavity wall has 1.6 W/m².

Definition: Kinetic energy is movement energy affected by mass and velocity, calculated using Ek = ½ × m × v².

Vocabulary: Spring constant $k$ - indicates the stiffness of an object, with higher values meaning stiffer objects.

Highlight: When air resistance is negligible, all gravitational potential energy converts to kinetic energy (Ep = Ek).

Definition: Gravitational potential energy (GPE) is stored energy due to a change in height, calculated using the formula Ep = m × g × h.

Vocabulary: Joules (J) - the standard unit of energy measurement, equivalent to Newton-metres (N/m).

Highlight: The gravitational field strength $g$ is 9.81 N/kg unless otherwise specified in exam questions.