two or more atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons 

they have the same number of electrons in their outer energy level 

Why do isotopes have similar chemical properties?

filtration, crystallisation, simple distillation, fractional distillation, chromatography 

Name 5 separation techniques to separate mixtures 

 1. Set up filter paper in filter funnel 2. Pour mixture onto the filter paper 3. Collect your insoluble salt 

1. gently heat solution using a bunsen burner or water bath until you start seeing crystals 2. use filter paper to separate the crystals 3. leave to cool somewhere warm 

1. Put the crude oil through a chamber and heat until it is a gas 2. Pass the gas through a fractionating column to separate the hydrocarbons by boiling point 3. Collect the hydrocarbons and use as fuels or separate them for other uses

1. Draw a base line and dot of ink on a piece of paper 2. Place the paper in a shallow amount of solvent in a beaker and put the lid on 3. Wait for the ink to move up the paper 4. Take the paper out and leave to dry - the pattern of spots left is called a chromatogram 

the number of electrons = number of protons

metal and non-metal, metal loses electron and becomes positively charged ion and non-metal gains an electron and becomes negatively charged ion

electrostatic forces of attraction between many oppositely charged ions, these forces act in all directions in the lattice 

non-metals, a strong bond consisting of a shared pair of electrons 

inside molecule string covalent bonds example: graphite, diamond, silicon dioxide 

weak intermolecular forces between molecules example: CO2, H20 etc 

metals, positive ions and a cloud of delocalised electrons

electrostatic forces of attraction between positive ions (cations) and cloud of delocalised electrons 

aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide (lime water), gas bubbled through the lime water, if it turns cloudy CO2 is present 

What do aqueous solutions of acids produce? 

What do aqueous solutions of alkalis produce? 

the greater the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution the lower the pH

the hydrogen ions react with the hydroxide ions, also known as the ionic equation for neutralisation 

How do neutralisation reactions between an acid and an alkali produce water? 

What is the ionic equation for neutralisation?

all metal carbonates decompose when heated to form carbon dioxide and a metal oxide - thermal decomposition 

Describe thermal decomposition of carbonates 

giant ionic lattice in which there are strong electrostatic forces of attraction in all directions between oppositely charged ions 

Describe the structure of ionic compounds 

the different sizes of atoms in an alloy distort the layers in the structure making it difficult for them to slide over eachother 

each carbon atom form four covalent bonds with other carbon atoms in a giant covalent structure with a rigid tetrahedral arrangement 

each carbon atom forms 3 carbon-carbon covalent bonds forming layers of hexagonal rings, layers held together by weak intermolecular forces 

layers are free to slide over eachother because there are no covalent bonds between layers 

each silicon atom is joined to 4 oxygen atoms, many covalent bonds 

Describe the structure of silica (silicon dioxide) 

because they have a high surface area to volume ratio 

Why do nanoparticules have different properties from the same material in bulk?

medicine, electronics, cosmetics and suncream, deodorants 

1. Warm 20cm3 of appropriate acid 2. add metal oxide/carbonate until it stops dissolving 3. filter off excess solid, keep filtrate 4. partially evaporate over a water bath 5. leave in a warm, dry place 

1. 10cm3 of appropriate sodium salt solution 2. add 10cm3 of appropriate metal nitrate solution 3. filter and keep residue 4. wash with distilled water 5. leave in a warm,dry place 

English (UK)

Flashcard

United Kingdom

ellen

DEFAULT (England)

Chemistry

year 9 chemistry 

A-Level Sociology: Education. So these notes have all the sociologists studies that are also part of methods in context, I just haven't covered research methods here :)

Explore comprehensive A-Level Sociology notes on the education system, covering key theories, policies, and sociological perspectives. This resource includes insights on marketisation, gender roles, cultural deprivation, and educational inequalities, providing a thorough understanding of how education shapes social stratification and individual achievement. Ideal for exam preparation and in-depth study.

Sociology of Education Overview

Revision note

Saffron

Sociology

Education- full topic revision 

Quotes + Analysis for characters in An Inspector Calls (Grade 8+)

Explore in-depth analysis and key quotes for characters in J.B. Priestley's 'An Inspector Calls'. This resource covers Gerald Croft, Inspector Goole, Sheila Birling, Mrs. Birling, Eric Birling, and Eva Smith, focusing on themes of class, gender roles, and social responsibility. Ideal for students aiming for Grade 8 and above.

An Inspector Calls: Character Insights

Mind map

Liv_767

English Literature

An Inspector Calls Characters

Revision maps for all 9 crime and deviance topics
I want to say thank you to everyone who's been so patient while i finished these notes- I got so many message asking if i had full topic notes for this unit so I'm glad to hear my work is helping people :)

Explore an extensive revision of crime and deviance topics, including theories, types of crime, and the impact of media. This resource covers key concepts such as Marxism, functionalism, gender and crime, and the influence of globalization on criminal behavior. Ideal for students seeking a thorough understanding of criminology and its various theories. Type: Full Topic Revision.

Comprehensive Crime & Deviance Overview

Crime & Deviance: full topic revision

Everything you need to revise families for paper 2 :)

Dive into an extensive overview of family dynamics, perspectives, and patterns in sociology. This resource covers key concepts such as family diversity, gender roles, marriage, and the impact of social policies on family structures. Perfect for A-Level Sociology students preparing for Paper 2.

Sociology of Families: Comprehensive Revision

A-Level Sociology: Families and Households Full Topic Revision 

Criminology unit 4 detailed revision note

Crystabel Owusu

Criminology

WJEC Unit 4 Criminology 

soph🐈‍⬛¿

Biology

Combined Science

aqa higher tier combined science -  biology b1 : cell biology, paper 1

Mindmaps for the crime and punishment topic. Remember, the exam for this is like a normal alevel so you'll need to remember as much as you can rather than take a folder in!

Comprehensive mindmaps covering key concepts in the Crime and Punishment topic for WJEC Criminology Unit 4. This resource includes detailed insights into the Criminal Justice System, crime prevention strategies, sentencing models, and the roles of various agencies. Ideal for A-Level revision, ensuring you grasp essential theories and legislative processes to excel in your exams.

Criminology: Crime & Punishment Overview

WJEC Criminology Unit 4 Full Topic Revision 

macbeth, lady macbeth and macbeth themes and context

Explore the complex themes of guilt and ambition in Shakespeare's 'Macbeth'. This analysis covers key characters, including Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, their moral dilemmas, and the tragic consequences of their ambition. Ideal for students studying character motivations, thematic elements, and the psychological impact of power. Includes insights on the natural order, manipulation, and the descent into madness.

Macbeth: Guilt and Ambition

ruru

Macbeth mind maps

Explore essential AQA Biology topics including Photosynthesis, Respiration, Homeostasis, Genetics, and Ecology. This comprehensive knowledge organizer covers key concepts such as energy transfer, hormonal control, and genetic variation, providing a solid foundation for your studies. Ideal for exam preparation and understanding biological processes.

AQA Biology: Key Concepts

B€LA〄

Biology (all topics)

Key Romeo and Juliet themes and analysed quotes 

alicia

Romeo and Juliet: Key themes 

Quiz

Dhyan Patel

GCSE AQA Chemistry Topic 1

Issy

Quick Runthrough of Chemistry Paper 1 

AQA GCSE Combined Chemistry * detailed summary 

Summary

Matilda Gant

GCSE Chemistry Revision Notes

Everything from snaprevise for OCR chemistry a-level

A-level OCR A Chemistry summary sheets

Explore key AQA GCSE Chemistry practicals, including flame tests, titration, and gas identification. This resource covers essential techniques for analyzing ions, making salts, and understanding reaction kinetics. Perfect for students preparing for exams and practical assessments.

Essential Chemistry Practicals

Lorena

Chemistry Required Practical  

Ruth Okungbowa

AQA GCSE Chemistry 4.2 Bonding, structure and the Properties of Matter

Grace Daniels

chem paper 1

Explore the fundamentals of redox reactions, including oxidation states, definitions of oxidation and reduction, and the roles of oxidizing and reducing agents. This summary covers key rules for determining oxidation states, the concept of disproportionation, and practical applications in chemical equations. Ideal for A-Level Chemistry students preparing for exams.

year 9 chemistry

Flashcards

AQA GCSE Chemistry 4.4 Chemical changes

Electronic structure of atoms (year 9/10)

GCSE AQA Chemistry paper 2

Atomic Structure

year 8 chem flashcards /questions

year 9 chemistry

Flashcards

AQA GCSE Chemistry 4.4 Chemical changes

Electronic structure of atoms (year 9/10)

GCSE AQA Chemistry paper 2

Atomic Structure

year 8 chem flashcards /questions