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8
0
Lewis Ambler
15/10/2025
Chemistry
AQA Acids And Bases
140
•
15 Oct 2025
•
Lewis Ambler
@lewis_ambler
A comprehensive neutralization reaction chemistry guidecovering acid-base reactions, pH... Show more
This section explores the ionic product of water and how temperature affects pH values. The relationship between temperature and water dissociation is thoroughly examined.
Definition: The ionic product of water is the equilibrium constant for water's self-ionization, expressed as Kw = .
Highlight: Temperature increases cause pure water's pH to decrease due to the endothermic nature of water ionization.
Example: At 25°C, Kw = 1.0 × 10⁻¹⁴ M²/dm⁻⁶.
Quote: "As temperature increases, Kw increases, shifting the equilibrium to the right."
This section details the behavior of weak acids and their equilibrium constants, including Ka calculations and pH determinations.
Definition: Ka is the acid dissociation constant that measures the strength of weak acids.
Vocabulary: pKa is the negative logarithm of Ka, where pKa = -log(Ka).
Example: For CH₃COOH with Ka = 1.76 × 10⁻⁵, the pH calculation involves using the equilibrium expression Ka = /.
Highlight: A larger Ka value indicates a stronger acid at the same temperature.
This section examines various titration curves and their characteristics for different acid-base combinations.
Definition: The equivalence point is where the amount of acid exactly neutralizes the base.
Highlight: The half-equivalence point occurs when the neutralization reaction is halfway complete, and for weak acids, pH equals pKa at this point.
Example: Strong acid/strong base titrations show a sharp vertical region around pH 7.
This section explores buffer solutions, their composition, and how they function to maintain stable pH levels.
Definition: A buffer solution resists changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added.
Vocabulary: A buffer contains a weak acid and its conjugate base in significant concentrations.
Highlight: Buffer solutions maintain pH through equilibrium shifts when acids or bases are added.
Example: Buffer solutions are crucial in biological systems and industrial processes where pH stability is essential.
This page introduces buffer solutions, their composition, and working mechanisms.
Definition: Buffer solutions resist pH changes when small amounts of acid or base are added.
Example: Blood contains a hydrogen carbonate buffer system to maintain pH homeostasis.
Highlight: Effective buffers must contain high concentrations of both the weak acid and its conjugate base.
This introductory section establishes fundamental concepts of acid-base chemistry and pH calculations. The content covers basic neutralization reactions and introduces the Brønsted-Lowry model for acids and bases.
Definition: Neutralization reactions occur when acids and bases react to form salt and water, except in reactions involving NH₃ where no water is produced.
Example: The reaction between an acid and metal carbonate produces salt, water, and carbon dioxide.
Highlight: Strong acids dissociate completely in solution, which is crucial for pH calculations.
Vocabulary: The Brønsted-Lowry model defines acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
App Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Lewis Ambler
@lewis_ambler
A comprehensive neutralization reaction chemistry guide covering acid-base reactions, pH calculations, and buffer solutions.
• Detailed exploration of strong and weak acid-base reactions, including calculating pH for strong acids and bases and equilibrium concepts
• In-depth coverage of buffer solutions,... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This section explores the ionic product of water and how temperature affects pH values. The relationship between temperature and water dissociation is thoroughly examined.
Definition: The ionic product of water is the equilibrium constant for water's self-ionization, expressed as Kw = .
Highlight: Temperature increases cause pure water's pH to decrease due to the endothermic nature of water ionization.
Example: At 25°C, Kw = 1.0 × 10⁻¹⁴ M²/dm⁻⁶.
Quote: "As temperature increases, Kw increases, shifting the equilibrium to the right."
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This section details the behavior of weak acids and their equilibrium constants, including Ka calculations and pH determinations.
Definition: Ka is the acid dissociation constant that measures the strength of weak acids.
Vocabulary: pKa is the negative logarithm of Ka, where pKa = -log(Ka).
Example: For CH₃COOH with Ka = 1.76 × 10⁻⁵, the pH calculation involves using the equilibrium expression Ka = /.
Highlight: A larger Ka value indicates a stronger acid at the same temperature.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This section examines various titration curves and their characteristics for different acid-base combinations.
Definition: The equivalence point is where the amount of acid exactly neutralizes the base.
Highlight: The half-equivalence point occurs when the neutralization reaction is halfway complete, and for weak acids, pH equals pKa at this point.
Example: Strong acid/strong base titrations show a sharp vertical region around pH 7.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This section explores buffer solutions, their composition, and how they function to maintain stable pH levels.
Definition: A buffer solution resists changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added.
Vocabulary: A buffer contains a weak acid and its conjugate base in significant concentrations.
Highlight: Buffer solutions maintain pH through equilibrium shifts when acids or bases are added.
Example: Buffer solutions are crucial in biological systems and industrial processes where pH stability is essential.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page introduces buffer solutions, their composition, and working mechanisms.
Definition: Buffer solutions resist pH changes when small amounts of acid or base are added.
Example: Blood contains a hydrogen carbonate buffer system to maintain pH homeostasis.
Highlight: Effective buffers must contain high concentrations of both the weak acid and its conjugate base.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This introductory section establishes fundamental concepts of acid-base chemistry and pH calculations. The content covers basic neutralization reactions and introduces the Brønsted-Lowry model for acids and bases.
Definition: Neutralization reactions occur when acids and bases react to form salt and water, except in reactions involving NH₃ where no water is produced.
Example: The reaction between an acid and metal carbonate produces salt, water, and carbon dioxide.
Highlight: Strong acids dissociate completely in solution, which is crucial for pH calculations.
Vocabulary: The Brønsted-Lowry model defines acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
8
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
Explore key concepts in acids, bases, and buffers through detailed practice questions and model answers. This resource covers acid-base titrations, pKa values, conjugate acid-base pairs, and the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, providing essential calculations and explanations for mastering the topic.
ChemistryExplore essential formulas for calculating pH, including the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, Ka, and pKa. This summary covers strong and weak acids, buffers, and the ICEE method for pH determination, tailored for A-Level Chemistry students.
ChemistryExplore the fundamentals of Brønsted-Lowry acid-base theory, pH calculations, and buffer solutions. This comprehensive guide covers key concepts such as acid-base equilibria, the ionic product of water (Kw), dissociation constants (Ka, pKa), and practical applications in acid-base titrations. Ideal for AQA A-Level Physical Chemistry students.
ChemistryExplore the essential techniques of acid-base titrations, including key definitions, step-by-step methods, and calculations for determining unknown concentrations and molar masses. This summary also covers measurement uncertainties and how to effectively record results. Ideal for chemistry students preparing for practical assessments.
ChemistryExplore the fundamentals of acid-base equilibria, including weak and strong acids, buffer solutions, and titration concepts. This comprehensive summary covers key topics such as the acid dissociation constant (Ka), pKa, neutralization reactions, and the role of pH indicators in titrations. Ideal for A-Level Chemistry students seeking to deepen their understanding of acid-base chemistry.
ChemistryExplore a comprehensive set of exam questions focused on weak acids and bases, including topics such as acid-base titrations, buffer solutions, and the acid dissociation constant (Ka). This resource is ideal for students preparing for chemistry exams, providing practice on key concepts like pH calculations, neutralization reactions, and the behavior of carboxylic acids.
ChemistryApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
