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Business MathBusiness Math7 views·Updated May 21, 2026·14 pages

Pag-unawa sa Percents: Discount at Markup sa Negosyo

Sa mundo ng negosyo, ang discount at markupay mga... Show more

1
of 10
# Percents at Proporsiyon sa Negosyo: Discount at Markup

Pag-aaral ng discount at markup sa business transactions

## Mga Layuning Pang-edu

Pangunahing Konsepto ng Discount at Markup

Tingnan mo, sa business world, kailangan mo talagang maintindihan ang dalawang konseptong ito. Ang discount ay yung pagbabawas sa original price - think mo yung mga "50% off" na makikita mo sa mall. Pwedeng fixed amount (like P100 off) o percentage (20% off).

Ang markup naman ay kabaligtaran - ito yung pagdagdag sa cost price para makakuha ng selling price. Dito kumikita ang mga negosyante at nacocover nila yung expenses tulad ng rent at sahod.

Tip: Ang markup ay hindi lang pure profit - kasama dito yung operating expenses ng business!

Halimbawa, kung ang cost ng t-shirt ay P200 at may 50% markup, magiging P300 ang selling price. Yung P100 difference ang tumulong sa negosyante na kumita.

2
of 10
# Percents at Proporsiyon sa Negosyo: Discount at Markup

Pag-aaral ng discount at markup sa business transactions

## Mga Layuning Pang-edu

Pagkalkula ng Discount

Madali lang talagang i-compute ang discount basta alam mo ang tamang formula. Ang basic formula ay: Discount Amount = Original Price × Discount Rate. Tapos yung sale price ay original price minus discount amount.

May shortcut din tayo: Sale Price = Original Price × 1DiscountRate1 - Discount Rate. Mas mabilis to lalo na sa calculator.

Tingnan natin ang example: Laptop worth P45,000 na may 15% discount. Discount amount = P45,000 × 0.15 = P6,750. Sale price = P45,000 - P6,750 = P38,250.

Warning: Sa successive discounts, hindi mo pwedeng i-add lang yung mga percentages! Kailangan mo i-apply nang isa-isa.

Sa successive discounts tulad ng 20% tapos 10% pa, hindi ito 30% total. I-apply mo muna yung 20%, tapos sa resulting price mo i-apply yung 10%.

3
of 10
# Percents at Proporsiyon sa Negosyo: Discount at Markup

Pag-aaral ng discount at markup sa business transactions

## Mga Layuning Pang-edu

Pagkalkula ng Markup

Ang markup calculation ay may dalawang paraan - markup based on cost at markup based on selling price. Ang mas common ay based on cost kasi mas straightforward.

Para sa markup based on cost: Selling Price = Cost Price × 1+MarkupRate1 + Markup Rate. Example: Cost P150, markup 80%, selling price = P150 × 1.80 = P270.

Ang markup based on selling price ay mas kumplikado. Formula nito: Selling Price = Cost Price ÷ 1MarkupRate1 - Markup Rate. Ginagamit ito sa ibang industries pero rare sa small business.

Pro Tip: Stick muna sa markup based on cost - mas madaling intindihin at i-apply sa real situations!

Practice mo lang ang mga formula na ito at magiging automatic na sa'yo ang pag-compute ng prices.

4
of 10
# Percents at Proporsiyon sa Negosyo: Discount at Markup

Pag-aaral ng discount at markup sa business transactions

## Mga Layuning Pang-edu

Mga Praktikal na Halimbawa sa Negosyo

Tignan natin ang mga real scenarios na makikita mo sa Pilipinas. Sa grocery store sale, example: SM may 25% discount sa imported fruits. Grapes worth P480/kilo, magkano babayad ng customer?

Sagot: Discount = P480 × 0.25 = P120. Sale price = P480 - P120 = P360 per kilo.

Sa clothing store naman, boutique sa Divisoria bumili ng dress ng P350 each. Gusto ng 120% markup. Selling price = P350 × (1 + 1.20) = P350 × 2.20 = P770.

Real Talk: Ang restaurant industry usually may 300% markup dahil kasama dito yung rent, utilities, at labor costs!

Sa electronics, "Buy 1 Take 1" promo ay equivalent ng 50% discount sa total. Dalawang fan worth P2,500 each, babayad ka lang ng P2,500 total instead na P5,000.

5
of 10
# Percents at Proporsiyon sa Negosyo: Discount at Markup

Pag-aaral ng discount at markup sa business transactions

## Mga Layuning Pang-edu

Advanced na Konsepto at Applications

May mga mas complex na situations sa business na kailangan mo ring maintindihan. Ang trade discount ay para sa wholesalers base sa volume, habang cash discount ay para sa early payment.

Example: 15% trade discount plus 2% cash discount. Original price P100,000. After trade discount = P85,000. After cash discount = P83,300. Total effective discount = 16.7%.

Sa break-even analysis, formula ay: Fixed Costs ÷ SellingPriceVariableCostperUnitSelling Price - Variable Cost per Unit. Bakery example: P30,000 fixed costs, P80 cost per cake, P150 selling price. Break-even = 30,000 ÷ 70 = 429 cakes monthly.

Business Insight: Seasonal pricing strategy ay common - mas mataas ang markup during high demand seasons!

Sa competitive market, kailangan mo i-balance ang profit margin at competitive pricing. Hindi pwedeng sobrang taas ng markup mo kung may mas murang competitor.

6
of 10
# Percents at Proporsiyon sa Negosyo: Discount at Markup

Pag-aaral ng discount at markup sa business transactions

## Mga Layuning Pang-edu
7
of 10
# Percents at Proporsiyon sa Negosyo: Discount at Markup

Pag-aaral ng discount at markup sa business transactions

## Mga Layuning Pang-edu
8
of 10
# Percents at Proporsiyon sa Negosyo: Discount at Markup

Pag-aaral ng discount at markup sa business transactions

## Mga Layuning Pang-edu
9
of 10
# Percents at Proporsiyon sa Negosyo: Discount at Markup

Pag-aaral ng discount at markup sa business transactions

## Mga Layuning Pang-edu
10
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# Percents at Proporsiyon sa Negosyo: Discount at Markup

Pag-aaral ng discount at markup sa business transactions

## Mga Layuning Pang-edu

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Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

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Business MathBusiness Math7 views·Updated May 21, 2026·14 pages

Pag-unawa sa Percents: Discount at Markup sa Negosyo

Sa mundo ng negosyo, ang discount at markup ay mga tool na ginagamit para sa pricing strategy. Ang discount ay pagbabawas sa presyo para makakuha ng customers, habang ang markup naman ay pagdagdag sa cost para makakuha ng profit.

1
of 10
# Percents at Proporsiyon sa Negosyo: Discount at Markup

Pag-aaral ng discount at markup sa business transactions

## Mga Layuning Pang-edu

Sign up to see the content. It's free!

  • Access to all documents
  • Improve your grades
  • Join milions of students

Pangunahing Konsepto ng Discount at Markup

Tingnan mo, sa business world, kailangan mo talagang maintindihan ang dalawang konseptong ito. Ang discount ay yung pagbabawas sa original price - think mo yung mga "50% off" na makikita mo sa mall. Pwedeng fixed amount (like P100 off) o percentage (20% off).

Ang markup naman ay kabaligtaran - ito yung pagdagdag sa cost price para makakuha ng selling price. Dito kumikita ang mga negosyante at nacocover nila yung expenses tulad ng rent at sahod.

Tip: Ang markup ay hindi lang pure profit - kasama dito yung operating expenses ng business!

Halimbawa, kung ang cost ng t-shirt ay P200 at may 50% markup, magiging P300 ang selling price. Yung P100 difference ang tumulong sa negosyante na kumita.

2
of 10
# Percents at Proporsiyon sa Negosyo: Discount at Markup

Pag-aaral ng discount at markup sa business transactions

## Mga Layuning Pang-edu

Sign up to see the content. It's free!

  • Access to all documents
  • Improve your grades
  • Join milions of students

Pagkalkula ng Discount

Madali lang talagang i-compute ang discount basta alam mo ang tamang formula. Ang basic formula ay: Discount Amount = Original Price × Discount Rate. Tapos yung sale price ay original price minus discount amount.

May shortcut din tayo: Sale Price = Original Price × 1DiscountRate1 - Discount Rate. Mas mabilis to lalo na sa calculator.

Tingnan natin ang example: Laptop worth P45,000 na may 15% discount. Discount amount = P45,000 × 0.15 = P6,750. Sale price = P45,000 - P6,750 = P38,250.

Warning: Sa successive discounts, hindi mo pwedeng i-add lang yung mga percentages! Kailangan mo i-apply nang isa-isa.

Sa successive discounts tulad ng 20% tapos 10% pa, hindi ito 30% total. I-apply mo muna yung 20%, tapos sa resulting price mo i-apply yung 10%.

3
of 10
# Percents at Proporsiyon sa Negosyo: Discount at Markup

Pag-aaral ng discount at markup sa business transactions

## Mga Layuning Pang-edu

Sign up to see the content. It's free!

  • Access to all documents
  • Improve your grades
  • Join milions of students

Pagkalkula ng Markup

Ang markup calculation ay may dalawang paraan - markup based on cost at markup based on selling price. Ang mas common ay based on cost kasi mas straightforward.

Para sa markup based on cost: Selling Price = Cost Price × 1+MarkupRate1 + Markup Rate. Example: Cost P150, markup 80%, selling price = P150 × 1.80 = P270.

Ang markup based on selling price ay mas kumplikado. Formula nito: Selling Price = Cost Price ÷ 1MarkupRate1 - Markup Rate. Ginagamit ito sa ibang industries pero rare sa small business.

Pro Tip: Stick muna sa markup based on cost - mas madaling intindihin at i-apply sa real situations!

Practice mo lang ang mga formula na ito at magiging automatic na sa'yo ang pag-compute ng prices.

4
of 10
# Percents at Proporsiyon sa Negosyo: Discount at Markup

Pag-aaral ng discount at markup sa business transactions

## Mga Layuning Pang-edu

Sign up to see the content. It's free!

  • Access to all documents
  • Improve your grades
  • Join milions of students

Mga Praktikal na Halimbawa sa Negosyo

Tignan natin ang mga real scenarios na makikita mo sa Pilipinas. Sa grocery store sale, example: SM may 25% discount sa imported fruits. Grapes worth P480/kilo, magkano babayad ng customer?

Sagot: Discount = P480 × 0.25 = P120. Sale price = P480 - P120 = P360 per kilo.

Sa clothing store naman, boutique sa Divisoria bumili ng dress ng P350 each. Gusto ng 120% markup. Selling price = P350 × (1 + 1.20) = P350 × 2.20 = P770.

Real Talk: Ang restaurant industry usually may 300% markup dahil kasama dito yung rent, utilities, at labor costs!

Sa electronics, "Buy 1 Take 1" promo ay equivalent ng 50% discount sa total. Dalawang fan worth P2,500 each, babayad ka lang ng P2,500 total instead na P5,000.

5
of 10
# Percents at Proporsiyon sa Negosyo: Discount at Markup

Pag-aaral ng discount at markup sa business transactions

## Mga Layuning Pang-edu

Sign up to see the content. It's free!

  • Access to all documents
  • Improve your grades
  • Join milions of students

Advanced na Konsepto at Applications

May mga mas complex na situations sa business na kailangan mo ring maintindihan. Ang trade discount ay para sa wholesalers base sa volume, habang cash discount ay para sa early payment.

Example: 15% trade discount plus 2% cash discount. Original price P100,000. After trade discount = P85,000. After cash discount = P83,300. Total effective discount = 16.7%.

Sa break-even analysis, formula ay: Fixed Costs ÷ SellingPriceVariableCostperUnitSelling Price - Variable Cost per Unit. Bakery example: P30,000 fixed costs, P80 cost per cake, P150 selling price. Break-even = 30,000 ÷ 70 = 429 cakes monthly.

Business Insight: Seasonal pricing strategy ay common - mas mataas ang markup during high demand seasons!

Sa competitive market, kailangan mo i-balance ang profit margin at competitive pricing. Hindi pwedeng sobrang taas ng markup mo kung may mas murang competitor.

6
of 10
# Percents at Proporsiyon sa Negosyo: Discount at Markup

Pag-aaral ng discount at markup sa business transactions

## Mga Layuning Pang-edu

Sign up to see the content. It's free!

  • Access to all documents
  • Improve your grades
  • Join milions of students
7
of 10
# Percents at Proporsiyon sa Negosyo: Discount at Markup

Pag-aaral ng discount at markup sa business transactions

## Mga Layuning Pang-edu

Sign up to see the content. It's free!

  • Access to all documents
  • Improve your grades
  • Join milions of students
8
of 10
# Percents at Proporsiyon sa Negosyo: Discount at Markup

Pag-aaral ng discount at markup sa business transactions

## Mga Layuning Pang-edu

Sign up to see the content. It's free!

  • Access to all documents
  • Improve your grades
  • Join milions of students
9
of 10
# Percents at Proporsiyon sa Negosyo: Discount at Markup

Pag-aaral ng discount at markup sa business transactions

## Mga Layuning Pang-edu

Sign up to see the content. It's free!

  • Access to all documents
  • Improve your grades
  • Join milions of students
10
of 10
# Percents at Proporsiyon sa Negosyo: Discount at Markup

Pag-aaral ng discount at markup sa business transactions

## Mga Layuning Pang-edu

Sign up to see the content. It's free!

  • Access to all documents
  • Improve your grades
  • Join milions of students

We thought you’d never ask...

What is the Knowunity AI companion?

Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.

Where can I download the Knowunity app?

You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.

Is Knowunity really free of charge?

That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.

Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Students love us — and so will you.

4.6/5App Store
4.7/5Google Play

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan SiOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha KlichAndroid user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

AnnaiOS user