Definition: Phloem function involves the transport of dissolved sugars both upward and downward within the plant.

Example: The presence of sieve plates and companion cells demonstrates specialized cellular modifications for efficient sugar transport.

Highlight: Phloem vessel cells have limited cellular contents (no nucleus and minimal cytoplasm) to facilitate efficient sugar movement.

Vocabulary: Sieve plates - Porous end walls in phloem cells that allow for sugar transport.

Definition: Cell differentiation is the process by which cells become specialized for specific functions.

Example: Root hair cell adaptations include increased surface area and the absence of chloroplasts due to their underground location.

Highlight: The root hair cells' primary function is to maximize water and mineral absorption through their extensive surface area.

Vocabulary: Lignin - A tough compound that strengthens cell walls in xylem tissue.