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Fun with Frameshift Mutations and Gene Changes: Easy Examples

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Cara Brogan

26/07/2025

Biology

mutations mindmap

Subjects

Biology

The control of gene expression (a2 only)

Mutation

39

•

26 Jul 2025

•

1 page

Fun with Frameshift Mutations and Gene Changes: Easy Examples

user profile picture

Cara Brogan

@carabrogan_ohqz

Frameshift mutations are significant genetic alterations that can profoundly impact... Show more

frameshift mutations Deletion & insertion are Frameshift mutations because they lead to major change in the Sequence of amino acids. What is

Frameshift Mutations and Their Impact on Gene Expression

Frameshift mutations are a type of genetic alteration that can have significant consequences on protein expression and function. This page provides an overview of different types of mutations, their causes, and their effects on gene expression and protein synthesis.

Definition: A mutation is a change in the genome (entire DNA), which can be very serious and often fatal.

Mutations can be categorized into chromosome mutations and single gene mutations. Chromosome mutations can result in no protein being expressed or altered protein expression.

Highlight: Frameshift mutations impact on amino acid sequence by affecting every codon after the point of mutation. This occurs because nucleotides are either pushed along one space (insertion) or pulled back one space (deletion).

Causes of mutations include:

  1. Random or spontaneous occurrences
  2. Environmental factors such as X-rays, UV light, and mustard gas, which can increase the risk of mutations

Single gene mutations can be further classified into:

  1. Deletion: Removal of nucleotides from DNA
  2. Insertion: Addition of nucleotides to DNA
  3. Substitution: Change in nucleotides in DNA (also known as point mutations)

Example: A frameshift mutation example could be the deletion of a single nucleotide in a gene, causing all subsequent codons to be misread during protein synthesis.

These mutations can be further categorized into:

  1. Missense mutations: One amino acid codon is replaced with another
  2. Nonsense mutations: A substitution codes for a premature stop codon instead of an amino acid
  3. Splice site mutations: An intron is left in the mature mRNA transcript, or an exon is not included

Vocabulary: Gene expression refers to the process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product, usually a protein.

The effects of these mutations on protein function can vary:

  1. Missense mutations may result in a non-functional protein or have little effect
  2. Nonsense mutations typically lead to non-functional proteins
  3. Splice site mutations result in altered proteins that would not function normally

Highlight: Understanding the effects of frameshift mutation is crucial in comprehending genetic disorders and evolutionary processes.

Chromosome mutations include:

  1. Deletion: Loss of a chromosome segment
  2. Duplication: A section of chromosome is inadvertently copied twice during DNA replication
  3. Inversion: A section of chromosome is turned around, reversing the normal gene sequence
  4. Translocation: A deleted section of one chromosome is inadvertently attached to a different, non-homologous chromosome

Example: A frameshift mutation example disease could be cystic fibrosis, which can be caused by a deletion of three nucleotides in the CFTR gene.

Mutations have evolutionary importance as they are the only source of new alleles. In some cases, when genes are accidentally duplicated, a beneficial mutation can be created while the original gene continues to function normally.

Highlight: Why is gene expression important? It's crucial for understanding how genetic information is translated into functional proteins, which are essential for all biological processes.



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This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

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Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user

Subjects

Biology

The control of gene expression (a2 only)

Mutation

 

Biology

•

39

•

26 Jul 2025

•

1 page

Fun with Frameshift Mutations and Gene Changes: Easy Examples

user profile picture

Cara Brogan

@carabrogan_ohqz

Frameshift mutations are significant genetic alterations that can profoundly impact protein expression and function. These mutations, including deletions and insertions, cause major changes in amino acid sequences, potentially leading to non-functional or altered proteins. This summary explores various types of... Show more

frameshift mutations Deletion & insertion are Frameshift mutations because they lead to major change in the Sequence of amino acids. What is

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Frameshift Mutations and Their Impact on Gene Expression

Frameshift mutations are a type of genetic alteration that can have significant consequences on protein expression and function. This page provides an overview of different types of mutations, their causes, and their effects on gene expression and protein synthesis.

Definition: A mutation is a change in the genome (entire DNA), which can be very serious and often fatal.

Mutations can be categorized into chromosome mutations and single gene mutations. Chromosome mutations can result in no protein being expressed or altered protein expression.

Highlight: Frameshift mutations impact on amino acid sequence by affecting every codon after the point of mutation. This occurs because nucleotides are either pushed along one space (insertion) or pulled back one space (deletion).

Causes of mutations include:

  1. Random or spontaneous occurrences
  2. Environmental factors such as X-rays, UV light, and mustard gas, which can increase the risk of mutations

Single gene mutations can be further classified into:

  1. Deletion: Removal of nucleotides from DNA
  2. Insertion: Addition of nucleotides to DNA
  3. Substitution: Change in nucleotides in DNA (also known as point mutations)

Example: A frameshift mutation example could be the deletion of a single nucleotide in a gene, causing all subsequent codons to be misread during protein synthesis.

These mutations can be further categorized into:

  1. Missense mutations: One amino acid codon is replaced with another
  2. Nonsense mutations: A substitution codes for a premature stop codon instead of an amino acid
  3. Splice site mutations: An intron is left in the mature mRNA transcript, or an exon is not included

Vocabulary: Gene expression refers to the process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product, usually a protein.

The effects of these mutations on protein function can vary:

  1. Missense mutations may result in a non-functional protein or have little effect
  2. Nonsense mutations typically lead to non-functional proteins
  3. Splice site mutations result in altered proteins that would not function normally

Highlight: Understanding the effects of frameshift mutation is crucial in comprehending genetic disorders and evolutionary processes.

Chromosome mutations include:

  1. Deletion: Loss of a chromosome segment
  2. Duplication: A section of chromosome is inadvertently copied twice during DNA replication
  3. Inversion: A section of chromosome is turned around, reversing the normal gene sequence
  4. Translocation: A deleted section of one chromosome is inadvertently attached to a different, non-homologous chromosome

Example: A frameshift mutation example disease could be cystic fibrosis, which can be caused by a deletion of three nucleotides in the CFTR gene.

Mutations have evolutionary importance as they are the only source of new alleles. In some cases, when genes are accidentally duplicated, a beneficial mutation can be created while the original gene continues to function normally.

Highlight: Why is gene expression important? It's crucial for understanding how genetic information is translated into functional proteins, which are essential for all biological processes.

We thought you’d never ask...

What is the Knowunity AI companion?

Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.

Where can I download the Knowunity app?

You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.

Is Knowunity really free of charge?

That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.

Can't find what you're looking for? Explore other subjects.

Students love us — and so will you.

4.9/5

App Store

4.8/5

Google Play

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user

The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.

Stefan S

iOS user

This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.

Samantha Klich

Android user

Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.

Anna

iOS user

Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good

Thomas R

iOS user

Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.

Basil

Android user

This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.

David K

iOS user

The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!

Sudenaz Ocak

Android user

In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.

Greenlight Bonnie

Android user

very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.

Rohan U

Android user

I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.

Xander S

iOS user

THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮

Elisha

iOS user

This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now

Paul T

iOS user