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1l the quest for political stability: germany, 1871-1991
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2d religious conflict and the church in england, c1529-c1570
2o democracy and nazism: germany, 1918-1945
1f industrialisation and the people: britain, c1783-1885
1c the tudors: england, 1485-1603
2m wars and welfare: britain in transition, 1906-1957
World war two & the holocaust
2n revolution and dictatorship: russia, 1917-1953
2s the making of modern britain, 1951-2007
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Biology
5 Dec 2025
281
4 pages
Seren White @serenwhite_muwd
The menstrual cycle is a complex hormonal process that regulates female reproduction. This 28-day cycle involves various hormones... Show more
The menstrual cycle is intricately regulated by a complex interplay of hormones. This page provides a detailed breakdown of how these hormones interact throughout the cycle.
Definition Pituitary gland - A small endocrine gland at the base of the brain that secretes hormones controlling various bodily functions, including the menstrual cycle.
The cycle begins with the pituitary gland releasing FSH, which stimulates the ovary to produce estrogen. As estrogen levels rise, it triggers the pituitary to release LH, which causes the egg to mature and stimulates the ovaries to produce more estrogen. This surge in LH triggers ovulation.
After ovulation, the ruptured follicle forms the corpus luteum (yellow body), which produces progesterone. Progesterone causes the uterine lining to thicken and maintain itself, while also inhibiting FSH and LH production.
Example During the luteal phase, progesterone levels are at their highest, which can cause symptoms like breast tenderness and mood changes in some women.
If pregnancy doesn't occur, the corpus luteum breaks down, causing a drop in progesterone levels. This hormone decrease leads to the shedding of the uterine lining, marking the beginning of a new cycle.
Understanding these hormonal fluctuations is crucial for interpreting a menstrual cycle phases chart and comprehending the hormone levels during menstrual cycle.
This page explores various contraception methods and their effectiveness in preventing pregnancy. It also touches on fertility awareness.
Contraception methods can be broadly categorized into
Vocabulary Spermicides - Chemicals that kill or disable sperm, used as a form of contraception.
Hormone-based contraception, which includes hormonal contraceptives pills, works by stopping ovulation and preventing the uterine lining from developing. While highly effective, they may have hormonal contraception side effects such as raised blood pressure or thrombosis risk.
Barrier methods create a physical barrier between sperm and egg, while IUDs prevent embryo implantation. Some IUDs also contain progesterone for added effectiveness.
Highlight When considering contraception options, it's important to weigh the hormonal contraceptives advantages and disadvantages for your individual health needs.
Surgical methods like vasectomy for men or tubal ligation for women are highly effective but permanent. Abstinence, particularly around ovulation, is 100% effective but may be unreliable for some.
Each method has its pros and cons, and the choice depends on individual circumstances, health conditions, and personal preferences. It's always advisable to consult with a healthcare provider for a hormonal contraception clinic review to determine the best option.
This page focuses on various infertility treatments, with a particular emphasis on In Vitro Fertilization (IVF).
For women who cannot ovulate naturally, FSH injections are used to stimulate egg maturation in the ovaries and trigger estrogen production. LH injections are then administered to stimulate ovulation.
Definition In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) - A complex series of procedures used to help with fertility or prevent genetic problems and assist with the conception of a child.
The IVF process step by step involves
Highlight The number of injections for IVF treatment can vary, but typically includes daily hormone injections for about 8-14 days.
It's important to note that IVF pregnancy risks exist, and success rates decrease with age. While IVF has helped many couples conceive, there are potential IVF babies disadvantages to consider, such as a slightly higher risk of birth defects or multiple pregnancies.
Quote "The older you are, the less likely IVF will work."
Understanding the 5 stages of IVF and what to expect during each phase can help patients prepare mentally and physically for the treatment. While IVF can be a complex and emotionally challenging process, it has helped many individuals and couples achieve their dream of parenthood.
The menstrual cycle is a complex process controlled by hormones secreted by the ovaries and pituitary gland. These hormones regulate the 28-day cycle, influencing various physiological changes in the female body. The key hormones involved in this process are Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), estrogen, and progesterone.
Vocabulary Menstrual cycle - The monthly series of changes a woman's body goes through in preparation for the possibility of pregnancy.
The cycle can be divided into different phases, with significant events occurring at specific times
Highlight Understanding the 4 phases of menstrual cycle and their associated hormonal changes is crucial for comprehending female reproductive health.
These hormonal fluctuations not only control the physical aspects of the menstrual cycle but also influence how you feel at different stages of menstrual cycle. The relationship between menstrual cycle hormones mood is an important aspect of women's health that is often overlooked.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
26
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
paper 2 combined biology
BiologyExplore the stages of the menstrual cycle and the roles of the four key hormones: FSH, estrogen, LH, and progesterone. This summary covers the physiological changes throughout the cycle, including menstruation, ovulation, and hormonal regulation, essential for understanding female reproductive health.
BiologyExplore key concepts in human reproduction with this comprehensive set of revision questions. Covering topics such as gametogenesis, fertilization, the menstrual cycle, and hormonal control, this resource is tailored for A Level Biology students. Enhance your understanding of the male and female reproductive systems, embryology, and the hormonal processes involved in reproduction.
BiologyExplore the hormonal control of the menstrual cycle, focusing on key hormones such as FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone. This summary details their roles in ovulation, uterine lining maintenance, and the overall monthly cycle. Ideal for AQA Homeostasis studies.
BiologyExplore the intricate hormonal control mechanisms in animals, focusing on the menstrual cycle, homeostasis, and the roles of key hormones like FSH, LH, oestrogen, and progesterone. This summary provides essential insights for GCSE Biology students, covering topics such as the menstrual cycle stages, hormone functions, and the impact of hormones on bodily processes. Ideal for exam preparation and understanding animal physiology.
BiologyExplore the intricate roles of hormones in the menstrual cycle, including FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone. Understand how these hormones interact to regulate ovulation, uterine lining preparation, and the menstrual process. This summary provides a clear overview of hormonal coordination in human reproduction, ideal for exam preparation.
BiologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
Seren White
@serenwhite_muwd
The menstrual cycle is a complex hormonal process that regulates female reproduction. This 28-day cycle involves various hormones and physiological changes in the body. The 4 phases of menstrual cycleare controlled by hormones secreted by the ovaries and pituitary... Show more
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The menstrual cycle is intricately regulated by a complex interplay of hormones. This page provides a detailed breakdown of how these hormones interact throughout the cycle.
Definition: Pituitary gland - A small endocrine gland at the base of the brain that secretes hormones controlling various bodily functions, including the menstrual cycle.
The cycle begins with the pituitary gland releasing FSH, which stimulates the ovary to produce estrogen. As estrogen levels rise, it triggers the pituitary to release LH, which causes the egg to mature and stimulates the ovaries to produce more estrogen. This surge in LH triggers ovulation.
After ovulation, the ruptured follicle forms the corpus luteum (yellow body), which produces progesterone. Progesterone causes the uterine lining to thicken and maintain itself, while also inhibiting FSH and LH production.
Example: During the luteal phase, progesterone levels are at their highest, which can cause symptoms like breast tenderness and mood changes in some women.
If pregnancy doesn't occur, the corpus luteum breaks down, causing a drop in progesterone levels. This hormone decrease leads to the shedding of the uterine lining, marking the beginning of a new cycle.
Understanding these hormonal fluctuations is crucial for interpreting a menstrual cycle phases chart and comprehending the hormone levels during menstrual cycle.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page explores various contraception methods and their effectiveness in preventing pregnancy. It also touches on fertility awareness.
Contraception methods can be broadly categorized into:
Vocabulary: Spermicides - Chemicals that kill or disable sperm, used as a form of contraception.
Hormone-based contraception, which includes hormonal contraceptives pills, works by stopping ovulation and preventing the uterine lining from developing. While highly effective, they may have hormonal contraception side effects such as raised blood pressure or thrombosis risk.
Barrier methods create a physical barrier between sperm and egg, while IUDs prevent embryo implantation. Some IUDs also contain progesterone for added effectiveness.
Highlight: When considering contraception options, it's important to weigh the hormonal contraceptives advantages and disadvantages for your individual health needs.
Surgical methods like vasectomy for men or tubal ligation for women are highly effective but permanent. Abstinence, particularly around ovulation, is 100% effective but may be unreliable for some.
Each method has its pros and cons, and the choice depends on individual circumstances, health conditions, and personal preferences. It's always advisable to consult with a healthcare provider for a hormonal contraception clinic review to determine the best option.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
This page focuses on various infertility treatments, with a particular emphasis on In Vitro Fertilization (IVF).
For women who cannot ovulate naturally, FSH injections are used to stimulate egg maturation in the ovaries and trigger estrogen production. LH injections are then administered to stimulate ovulation.
Definition: In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) - A complex series of procedures used to help with fertility or prevent genetic problems and assist with the conception of a child.
The IVF process step by step involves:
Highlight: The number of injections for IVF treatment can vary, but typically includes daily hormone injections for about 8-14 days.
It's important to note that IVF pregnancy risks exist, and success rates decrease with age. While IVF has helped many couples conceive, there are potential IVF babies disadvantages to consider, such as a slightly higher risk of birth defects or multiple pregnancies.
Quote: "The older you are, the less likely IVF will work."
Understanding the 5 stages of IVF and what to expect during each phase can help patients prepare mentally and physically for the treatment. While IVF can be a complex and emotionally challenging process, it has helped many individuals and couples achieve their dream of parenthood.
Access to all documents
Improve your grades
Join milions of students
By signing up you accept Terms of Service and Privacy Policy
The menstrual cycle is a complex process controlled by hormones secreted by the ovaries and pituitary gland. These hormones regulate the 28-day cycle, influencing various physiological changes in the female body. The key hormones involved in this process are Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), estrogen, and progesterone.
Vocabulary: Menstrual cycle - The monthly series of changes a woman's body goes through in preparation for the possibility of pregnancy.
The cycle can be divided into different phases, with significant events occurring at specific times:
Highlight: Understanding the 4 phases of menstrual cycle and their associated hormonal changes is crucial for comprehending female reproductive health.
These hormonal fluctuations not only control the physical aspects of the menstrual cycle but also influence how you feel at different stages of menstrual cycle. The relationship between menstrual cycle hormones mood is an important aspect of women's health that is often overlooked.
Our AI Companion is a student-focused AI tool that offers more than just answers. Built on millions of Knowunity resources, it provides relevant information, personalised study plans, quizzes, and content directly in the chat, adapting to your individual learning journey.
You can download the app from Google Play Store and Apple App Store.
That's right! Enjoy free access to study content, connect with fellow students, and get instant help – all at your fingertips.
26
Smart Tools NEW
Transform this note into: ✓ 50+ Practice Questions ✓ Interactive Flashcards ✓ Full Mock Exam ✓ Essay Outlines
paper 2 combined biology
BiologyExplore the stages of the menstrual cycle and the roles of the four key hormones: FSH, estrogen, LH, and progesterone. This summary covers the physiological changes throughout the cycle, including menstruation, ovulation, and hormonal regulation, essential for understanding female reproductive health.
BiologyExplore key concepts in human reproduction with this comprehensive set of revision questions. Covering topics such as gametogenesis, fertilization, the menstrual cycle, and hormonal control, this resource is tailored for A Level Biology students. Enhance your understanding of the male and female reproductive systems, embryology, and the hormonal processes involved in reproduction.
BiologyExplore the hormonal control of the menstrual cycle, focusing on key hormones such as FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone. This summary details their roles in ovulation, uterine lining maintenance, and the overall monthly cycle. Ideal for AQA Homeostasis studies.
BiologyExplore the intricate hormonal control mechanisms in animals, focusing on the menstrual cycle, homeostasis, and the roles of key hormones like FSH, LH, oestrogen, and progesterone. This summary provides essential insights for GCSE Biology students, covering topics such as the menstrual cycle stages, hormone functions, and the impact of hormones on bodily processes. Ideal for exam preparation and understanding animal physiology.
BiologyExplore the intricate roles of hormones in the menstrual cycle, including FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone. Understand how these hormones interact to regulate ovulation, uterine lining preparation, and the menstrual process. This summary provides a clear overview of hormonal coordination in human reproduction, ideal for exam preparation.
BiologyApp Store
Google Play
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
The app is very easy to use and well designed. I have found everything I was looking for so far and have been able to learn a lot from the presentations! I will definitely use the app for a class assignment! And of course it also helps a lot as an inspiration.
Stefan S
iOS user
This app is really great. There are so many study notes and help [...]. My problem subject is French, for example, and the app has so many options for help. Thanks to this app, I have improved my French. I would recommend it to anyone.
Samantha Klich
Android user
Wow, I am really amazed. I just tried the app because I've seen it advertised many times and was absolutely stunned. This app is THE HELP you want for school and above all, it offers so many things, such as workouts and fact sheets, which have been VERY helpful to me personally.
Anna
iOS user
Best app on earth! no words because it’s too good
Thomas R
iOS user
Just amazing. Let's me revise 10x better, this app is a quick 10/10. I highly recommend it to anyone. I can watch and search for notes. I can save them in the subject folder. I can revise it any time when I come back. If you haven't tried this app, you're really missing out.
Basil
Android user
This app has made me feel so much more confident in my exam prep, not only through boosting my own self confidence through the features that allow you to connect with others and feel less alone, but also through the way the app itself is centred around making you feel better. It is easy to navigate, fun to use, and helpful to anyone struggling in absolutely any way.
David K
iOS user
The app's just great! All I have to do is enter the topic in the search bar and I get the response real fast. I don't have to watch 10 YouTube videos to understand something, so I'm saving my time. Highly recommended!
Sudenaz Ocak
Android user
In school I was really bad at maths but thanks to the app, I am doing better now. I am so grateful that you made the app.
Greenlight Bonnie
Android user
very reliable app to help and grow your ideas of Maths, English and other related topics in your works. please use this app if your struggling in areas, this app is key for that. wish I'd of done a review before. and it's also free so don't worry about that.
Rohan U
Android user
I know a lot of apps use fake accounts to boost their reviews but this app deserves it all. Originally I was getting 4 in my English exams and this time I got a grade 7. I didn’t even know about this app three days until the exam and it has helped A LOT. Please actually trust me and use it as I’m sure you too will see developments.
Xander S
iOS user
THE QUIZES AND FLASHCARDS ARE SO USEFUL AND I LOVE THE SCHOOLGPT. IT ALSO IS LITREALLY LIKE CHATGPT BUT SMARTER!! HELPED ME WITH MY MASCARA PROBLEMS TOO!! AS WELL AS MY REAL SUBJECTS ! DUHHH 😍😁😲🤑💗✨🎀😮
Elisha
iOS user
This apps acc the goat. I find revision so boring but this app makes it so easy to organize it all and then you can ask the freeeee ai to test yourself so good and you can easily upload your own stuff. highly recommend as someone taking mocks now
Paul T
iOS user
